source: liacs/ai/docs/sample2e.tex@ 422

% This is a sample LaTeX input file.  (Version of 11 April 1994.)

%

% A '%' character causes TeX to ignore all remaining text on the line,

% and is used for comments like this one.



\documentclass{article}      % Specifies the document class



                             % The preamble begins here.

\title{An Example Document}  % Declares the document's title.

\author{Leslie Lamport}      % Declares the author's name.

\date{January 21, 1994}      % Deleting this command produces today's date.



\newcommand{\ip}[2]{(#1, #2)}

                             % Defines \ip{arg1}{arg2} to mean

                             % (arg1, arg2).



%\newcommand{\ip}[2]{\langle #1 | #2\rangle}

                             % This is an alternative definition of

                             % \ip that is commented out.



\begin{document}             % End of preamble and beginning of text.



\maketitle                   % Produces the title.



This is an example input file.  Comparing it with

the output it generates can show you how to

produce a simple document of your own.



\section{Ordinary Text}      % Produces section heading.  Lower-level

                             % sections are begun with similar 

                             % \subsection and \subsubsection commands.



The ends  of words and sentences are marked 

  by   spaces. It  doesn't matter how many 

spaces    you type; one is as good as 100.  The

end of   a line counts as a space.



One   or more   blank lines denote the  end 

of  a paragraph.  



Since any number of consecutive spaces are treated

like a single one, the formatting of the input

file makes no difference to

      \LaTeX,                % The \LaTeX command generates the LaTeX logo.

but it makes a difference to you.  When you use

\LaTeX, making your input file as easy to read 

as possible will be a great help as you write 

your document and when you change it.  This sample 

file shows how you can add comments to your own input 

file.



Because printing is different from typewriting,

there are a number of things that you have to do

differently when preparing an input file than if

you were just typing the document directly.

Quotation marks like

       ``this'' 

have to be handled specially, as do quotes within

quotes:

       ``\,`this'            % \, separates the double and single quote.

        is what I just 

        wrote, not  `that'\,''.  



Dashes come in three sizes: an 

       intra-word 

dash, a medium dash for number ranges like 

       1--2, 

and a punctuation 

       dash---like 

this.



A sentence-ending space should be larger than the

space between words within a sentence.  You

sometimes have to type special commands in

conjunction with punctuation characters to get

this right, as in the following sentence.

       Gnats, gnus, etc.\ all  % `\ ' makes an inter-word space.

       begin with G\@.         % \@ marks end-of-sentence punctuation.

You should check the spaces after periods when

reading your output to make sure you haven't

forgotten any special cases.  Generating an

ellipsis

       \ldots\               % `\ ' is needed after `\ldots' because TeX 

                             % ignores spaces after command names like \ldots 

                             % made from \ + letters.

                             %

                             % Note how a `%' character causes TeX to ignore 

                             % the end of the input line, so these blank lines 

                             % do not start a new paragraph.

                             %

with the right spacing around the periods requires

a special command.



\LaTeX\ interprets some common characters as

commands, so you must type special commands to

generate them.  These characters include the

following:

       \$ \& \% \# \{ and \}.



In printing, text is usually emphasized with an

       \emph{italic}  

type style.  



\begin{em}

   A long segment of text can also be emphasized 

   in this way.  Text within such a segment can be 

   given \emph{additional} emphasis.

\end{em}



It is sometimes necessary to prevent \LaTeX\ from

breaking a line where it might otherwise do so.

This may be at a space, as between the ``Mr.'' and

``Jones'' in

       ``Mr.~Jones'',        % ~ produces an unbreakable interword space.

or within a word---especially when the word is a

symbol like

       \mbox{\emph{itemnum}} 

that makes little sense when hyphenated across

lines.



Footnotes\footnote{This is an example of a footnote.}

pose no problem.



\LaTeX\ is good at typesetting mathematical formulas

like

       \( x-3y + z = 7 \) 

or

       \( a_{1} > x^{2n} + y^{2n} > x' \)

or  

       \( \ip{A}{B} = \sum_{i} a_{i} b_{i} \).

The spaces you type in a formula are 

ignored.  Remember that a letter like

       $x$                   % $ ... $  and  \( ... \)  are equivalent

is a formula when it denotes a mathematical

symbol, and it should be typed as one.



\section{Displayed Text}



Text is displayed by indenting it from the left

margin.  Quotations are commonly displayed.  There

are short quotations

\begin{quote}

   This is a short a quotation.  It consists of a 

   single paragraph of text.  See how it is formatted.

\end{quote}

and longer ones.

\begin{quotation}

   This is a longer quotation.  It consists of two

   paragraphs of text, neither of which are

   particularly interesting.



   This is the second paragraph of the quotation.  It

   is just as dull as the first paragraph.

\end{quotation}

Another frequently-displayed structure is a list.

The following is an example of an \emph{itemized}

list.

\begin{itemize}

   \item This is the first item of an itemized list.

         Each item in the list is marked with a ``tick''.

         You don't have to worry about what kind of tick

         mark is used.



   \item This is the second item of the list.  It

         contains another list nested inside it.  The inner

         list is an \emph{enumerated} list.

         \begin{enumerate}

            \item This is the first item of an enumerated 

                  list that is nested within the itemized list.



            \item This is the second item of the inner list.  

                  \LaTeX\ allows you to nest lists deeper than 

                  you really should.

         \end{enumerate}

         This is the rest of the second item of the outer

         list.  It is no more interesting than any other

         part of the item.

   \item This is the third item of the list.

\end{itemize}

You can even display poetry.

\begin{verse}

   There is an environment 

    for verse \\             % The \\ command separates lines

   Whose features some poets % within a stanza.

   will curse.   



                             % One or more blank lines separate stanzas.



   For instead of making\\

   Them do \emph{all} line breaking, \\

   It allows them to put too many words on a line when they'd rather be 

   forced to be terse.

\end{verse}



Mathematical formulas may also be displayed.  A

displayed formula 

is 

one-line long; multiline

formulas require special formatting instructions.

   \[  \ip{\Gamma}{\psi'} = x'' + y^{2} + z_{i}^{n}\]

Don't start a paragraph with a displayed equation,

nor make one a paragraph by itself.



\end{document}               % End of document.