source: liacs/coco/spim6_4_doc.ps@ 291

Last change on this file since 291 was 2, checked in by Rick van der Zwet, 15 years ago

Initial import of data of old repository ('data') worth keeping (e.g. tracking
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2601
2602/arrowheadpath {
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2681
2682/storexyn {
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2686n 1 sub -1 0 {
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2692
2693%%EndProlog
2694
2695%I Idraw 9 Grid 8
2696
2697%%Page: 1 1
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3498%I f *-times-medium-r-normal--10-*-75-*
3499Times-Roman 10 SetF
3500%I t
3501[ 1 0 0 1 313.5 673 ] concat
3502%I
3503[
3504(General Registers)
3505] Text
3506End
3507
3508Begin %I Text
3509%I cfg Black
35100 0 0 SetCFg
3511%I f *-times-medium-r-normal--10-*-75-*
3512Times-Roman 10 SetF
3513%I t
3514[ 1 0 0 1 306 594 ] concat
3515%I
3516[
3517(Double Floating Point Registers)
3518] Text
3519End
3520
3521Begin %I Text
3522%I cfg Black
35230 0 0 SetCFg
3524%I f *-times-medium-r-normal--10-*-75-*
3525Times-Roman 10 SetF
3526%I t
3527[ 1 0 0 1 308 548 ] concat
3528%I
3529[
3530(Single Floating Point Registers)
3531] Text
3532End
3533
3534Begin %I Line
3535%I b 65535
35361 0 0 [] 0 SetB
3537%I cfg Black
35380 0 0 SetCFg
3539%I cbg White
35401 1 1 SetCBg
3541none SetP %I p n
3542%I t
3543[ 1 0 0 1 97 182 ] concat
3544%I
35457 180 499 180 Line
3546End
3547
3548Begin %I Line
3549%I b 65535
35501 0 0 [] 0 SetB
3551%I cfg Black
35520 0 0 SetCFg
3553%I cbg White
35541 1 1 SetCBg
3555none SetP %I p n
3556%I t
3557[ 1 0 0 1 97 56 ] concat
3558%I
35597 180 499 180 Line
3560End
3561
3562Begin %I Text
3563%I cfg Black
35640 0 0 SetCFg
3565%I f *-helvetica-bold-r-normal--12-*-75-*
3566Helvetica-Bold 12 SetF
3567%I t
3568[ 1 0 0 1 302 355 ] concat
3569%I
3570[
3571(Data Segments)
3572] Text
3573End
3574
3575Begin %I Text
3576%I cfg Black
35770 0 0 SetCFg
3578%I f *-helvetica-bold-r-normal--14-*-75-*
3579Helvetica-Bold 14 SetF
3580%I t
3581[ 1 0 0 1 21.0001 302 ] concat
3582%I
3583[
3584(Data and)
3585(Stack)
3586(Segments)
3587] Text
3588End
3589
3590Begin %I Text
3591%I cfg Black
35920 0 0 SetCFg
3593%I f *-courier-medium-r-normal--10-*-75-*
3594Courier 10 SetF
3595%I t
3596[ 1 0 0 1 112 449 ] concat
3597%I
3598[
3599([0x00400000] 0x8fa40000 lw R4, 0\(R29\) [])
3600([0x00400004] 0x27a50004 addiu R5, R29, 4 [])
3601([0x00400008] 0x24a60004 addiu R6, R5, 4 [])
3602([0x0040000c] 0x00041090 sll R2, R4, 2)
3603([0x00400010] 0x00c23021 addu R6, R6, R2)
3604([0x00400014] 0x0c000000 jal 0x00000000 [])
3605([0x00400018] 0x3402000a ori R0, R0, 10 [])
3606([0x0040001c] 0x0000000c syscall)
3607] Text
3608End
3609
3610Begin %I Text
3611%I cfg Black
36120 0 0 SetCFg
3613%I f *-courier-medium-r-normal--10-*-75-*
3614Courier 10 SetF
3615%I t
3616[ 1 0 0 1 112 333 ] concat
3617%I
3618[
3619([0x10000000]...[0x10010000] 0x00000000)
3620([0x10010004] 0x74706563 0x206e6f69 0x636f2000)
3621([0x10010010] 0x72727563 0x61206465 0x6920646e 0x726f6e67)
3622([0x10010020] 0x000a6465 0x495b2020 0x7265746e 0x74707572)
3623([0x10010030] 0x0000205d 0x20200000 0x616e555b 0x6e67696c)
3624([0x10010040] 0x61206465 0x65726464 0x69207373 0x6e69206e)
3625([0x10010050] 0x642f7473 0x20617461 0x63746566 0x00205d68)
3626([0x10010060] 0x555b2020 0x696c616e 0x64656e67 0x64646120)
3627([0x10010070] 0x73736572 0x206e6920 0x726f7473 0x00205d65)
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3629End
3630
3631End %I eop
3632
3633showpage
3634
3635%%Trailer
3636
3637end
3638
3639%%EndDocument
3640
3641 endTexFig
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3704eop
3705%%Page: 7 7
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3722(in)e(double-quotes)h(\()p Fk(")p Fu(\).)41 b(Sp)s(ecial)28
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3764eop
3765%%Page: 8 8
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3795Fe($v0)p Fx(\))p 3597 1027 V 329 1126 V 381 1096 a(exit)p
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3797V 329 1226 V 381 1196 a(prin)n(t)p 564 1196 25 4 v 30
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3802V 432 w(c)n(har)f(\(in)i Fe($v0)p Fx(\))p 2909 1326 V
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3807b(<addr>)302 2271 y Fu(The)40 b(follo)m(wing)e(data)i(items)g(should)e
3808(b)s(e)h(stored)h(in)e(the)i(k)m(ernel)g(data)g(segmen)m(t.)70
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3811(eginning)c(at)32 b(address)d Fl(addr)10 b Fu(.)120 2572
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3813(put)f(in)f(the)i(k)m(ernel)f(text)i(segmen)m(t.)63 b(In)37
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3815y(instructions)e(or)h(w)m(ords)g(\(see)i(the)e Fk(.word)g
3816Fu(directiv)m(e)g(b)s(elo)m(w\).)58 b(If)36 b(the)h(optional)f(argumen)
3817m(t)h Fl(addr)48 b Fu(is)302 2911 y(presen)m(t,)31 b(the)g(items)e(are)
3818i(stored)g(b)s(eginning)c(at)k(address)f Fl(addr)10 b
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4058/Helvetica reencodeISO def
4059
4060/arrowHeight 8 def
4061/arrowWidth 4 def
4062/none null def
4063/numGraphicParameters 17 def
4064/stringLimit 65535 def
4065
4066/Begin {
4067save
4068numGraphicParameters dict begin
4069} def
4070
4071/End {
4072end
4073restore
4074} def
4075
4076/SetB {
4077dup type /nulltype eq {
4078pop
4079false /brushRightArrow idef
4080false /brushLeftArrow idef
4081true /brushNone idef
4082} {
4083/brushDashOffset idef
4084/brushDashArray idef
40850 ne /brushRightArrow idef
40860 ne /brushLeftArrow idef
4087/brushWidth idef
4088false /brushNone idef
4089} ifelse
4090} def
4091
4092/SetCFg {
4093/fgblue idef
4094/fggreen idef
4095/fgred idef
4096} def
4097
4098/SetCBg {
4099/bgblue idef
4100/bggreen idef
4101/bgred idef
4102} def
4103
4104/SetF {
4105/printSize idef
4106/printFont idef
4107} def
4108
4109/SetP {
4110dup type /nulltype eq {
4111pop true /patternNone idef
4112} {
4113dup -1 eq {
4114/patternGrayLevel idef
4115/patternString idef
4116} {
4117/patternGrayLevel idef
4118} ifelse
4119false /patternNone idef
4120} ifelse
4121} def
4122
4123/BSpl {
41240 begin
4125storexyn
4126newpath
4127n 1 gt {
41280 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 true subspline
4129n 2 gt {
41300 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 false subspline
41311 1 n 3 sub {
4132/i exch def
4133i 1 sub dup i dup i 1 add dup i 2 add dup false subspline
4134} for
4135n 3 sub dup n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 2 copy false subspline
4136} if
4137n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 2 copy 2 copy false subspline
4138patternNone not brushLeftArrow not brushRightArrow not and and { ifill } if
4139brushNone not { istroke } if
41400 0 1 1 leftarrow
4141n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup rightarrow
4142} if
4143end
4144} dup 0 4 dict put def
4145
4146/Circ {
4147newpath
41480 360 arc
4149patternNone not { ifill } if
4150brushNone not { istroke } if
4151} def
4152
4153/CBSpl {
41540 begin
4155dup 2 gt {
4156storexyn
4157newpath
4158n 1 sub dup 0 0 1 1 2 2 true subspline
41591 1 n 3 sub {
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4161i 1 sub dup i dup i 1 add dup i 2 add dup false subspline
4162} for
4163n 3 sub dup n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 0 0 false subspline
4164n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 0 0 1 1 false subspline
4165patternNone not { ifill } if
4166brushNone not { istroke } if
4167} {
4168Poly
4169} ifelse
4170end
4171} dup 0 4 dict put def
4172
4173/Elli {
41740 begin
4175newpath
41764 2 roll
4177translate
4178scale
41790 0 1 0 360 arc
4180patternNone not { ifill } if
4181brushNone not { istroke } if
4182end
4183} dup 0 1 dict put def
4184
4185/Line {
41860 begin
41872 storexyn
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4190x 1 get y 1 get lineto
4191brushNone not { istroke } if
41920 0 1 1 leftarrow
41930 0 1 1 rightarrow
4194end
4195} dup 0 4 dict put def
4196
4197/MLine {
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4200newpath
4201n 1 gt {
4202x 0 get y 0 get moveto
42031 1 n 1 sub {
4204/i exch def
4205x i get y i get lineto
4206} for
4207patternNone not brushLeftArrow not brushRightArrow not and and { ifill } if
4208brushNone not { istroke } if
42090 0 1 1 leftarrow
4210n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup rightarrow
4211} if
4212end
4213} dup 0 4 dict put def
4214
4215/Poly {
42163 1 roll
4217newpath
4218moveto
4219-1 add
4220{ lineto } repeat
4221closepath
4222patternNone not { ifill } if
4223brushNone not { istroke } if
4224} def
4225
4226/Rect {
42270 begin
4228/t exch def
4229/r exch def
4230/b exch def
4231/l exch def
4232newpath
4233l b moveto
4234l t lineto
4235r t lineto
4236r b lineto
4237closepath
4238patternNone not { ifill } if
4239brushNone not { istroke } if
4240end
4241} dup 0 4 dict put def
4242
4243/Text {
4244ishow
4245} def
4246
4247/idef {
4248dup where { pop pop pop } { exch def } ifelse
4249} def
4250
4251/ifill {
42520 begin
4253gsave
4254patternGrayLevel -1 ne {
4255fgred bgred fgred sub patternGrayLevel mul add
4256fggreen bggreen fggreen sub patternGrayLevel mul add
4257fgblue bgblue fgblue sub patternGrayLevel mul add setrgbcolor
4258eofill
4259} {
4260eoclip
4261originalCTM setmatrix
4262pathbbox /t exch def /r exch def /b exch def /l exch def
4263/w r l sub ceiling cvi def
4264/h t b sub ceiling cvi def
4265/imageByteWidth w 8 div ceiling cvi def
4266/imageHeight h def
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4268eofill
4269fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor
4270w 0 gt h 0 gt and {
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4272w h true [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] { patternproc } imagemask
4273} if
4274} ifelse
4275grestore
4276end
4277} dup 0 8 dict put def
4278
4279/istroke {
4280gsave
4281brushDashOffset -1 eq {
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42831 setgray
4284} {
4285brushDashArray brushDashOffset setdash
4286fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor
4287} ifelse
4288brushWidth setlinewidth
4289originalCTM setmatrix
4290stroke
4291grestore
4292} def
4293
4294/ishow {
42950 begin
4296gsave
4297fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor
4298printFont printSize scalefont setfont
4299/descender 0 printFont /FontBBox get 1 get printFont /FontMatrix
4300get transform exch pop def
4301/vertoffset 1 printSize sub descender sub def {
43020 vertoffset moveto show
4303/vertoffset vertoffset printSize sub def
4304} forall
4305grestore
4306end
4307} dup 0 2 dict put def
4308
4309/patternproc {
43100 begin
4311/patternByteLength patternString length def
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4314/patternByteWidth patternWidth 8 idiv def
4315/imageByteMaxLength imageByteWidth imageHeight mul
4316stringLimit patternByteWidth sub min def
4317/imageMaxHeight imageByteMaxLength imageByteWidth idiv patternHeight idiv
4318patternHeight mul patternHeight max def
4319/imageHeight imageHeight imageMaxHeight sub store
4320/imageString imageByteWidth imageMaxHeight mul patternByteWidth add string def
43210 1 imageMaxHeight 1 sub {
4322/y exch def
4323/patternRow y patternByteWidth mul patternByteLength mod def
4324/patternRowString patternString patternRow patternByteWidth getinterval def
4325/imageRow y imageByteWidth mul def
43260 patternByteWidth imageByteWidth 1 sub {
4327/x exch def
4328imageString imageRow x add patternRowString putinterval
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4330} for
4331imageString
4332end
4333} dup 0 12 dict put def
4334
4335/min {
4336dup 3 2 roll dup 4 3 roll lt { exch } if pop
4337} def
4338
4339/max {
4340dup 3 2 roll dup 4 3 roll gt { exch } if pop
4341} def
4342
4343/arrowhead {
43440 begin
4345transform originalCTM itransform
4346/taily exch def
4347/tailx exch def
4348transform originalCTM itransform
4349/tipy exch def
4350/tipx exch def
4351/dy tipy taily sub def
4352/dx tipx tailx sub def
4353/angle dx 0 ne dy 0 ne or { dy dx atan } { 90 } ifelse def
4354gsave
4355originalCTM setmatrix
4356tipx tipy translate
4357angle rotate
4358newpath
43590 0 moveto
4360arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div lineto
4361arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div neg lineto
4362closepath
4363patternNone not {
4364originalCTM setmatrix
4365/padtip arrowHeight 2 exp 0.25 arrowWidth 2 exp mul add sqrt brushWidth mul
4366arrowWidth div def
4367/padtail brushWidth 2 div def
4368tipx tipy translate
4369angle rotate
4370padtip 0 translate
4371arrowHeight padtip add padtail add arrowHeight div dup scale
4372arrowheadpath
4373ifill
4374} if
4375brushNone not {
4376originalCTM setmatrix
4377tipx tipy translate
4378angle rotate
4379arrowheadpath
4380istroke
4381} if
4382grestore
4383end
4384} dup 0 9 dict put def
4385
4386/arrowheadpath {
4387newpath
43880 0 moveto
4389arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div lineto
4390arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div neg lineto
4391closepath
4392} def
4393
4394/leftarrow {
43950 begin
4396y exch get /taily exch def
4397x exch get /tailx exch def
4398y exch get /tipy exch def
4399x exch get /tipx exch def
4400brushLeftArrow { tipx tipy tailx taily arrowhead } if
4401end
4402} dup 0 4 dict put def
4403
4404/rightarrow {
44050 begin
4406y exch get /tipy exch def
4407x exch get /tipx exch def
4408y exch get /taily exch def
4409x exch get /tailx exch def
4410brushRightArrow { tipx tipy tailx taily arrowhead } if
4411end
4412} dup 0 4 dict put def
4413
4414/midpoint {
44150 begin
4416/y1 exch def
4417/x1 exch def
4418/y0 exch def
4419/x0 exch def
4420x0 x1 add 2 div
4421y0 y1 add 2 div
4422end
4423} dup 0 4 dict put def
4424
4425/thirdpoint {
44260 begin
4427/y1 exch def
4428/x1 exch def
4429/y0 exch def
4430/x0 exch def
4431x0 2 mul x1 add 3 div
4432y0 2 mul y1 add 3 div
4433end
4434} dup 0 4 dict put def
4435
4436/subspline {
44370 begin
4438/movetoNeeded exch def
4439y exch get /y3 exch def
4440x exch get /x3 exch def
4441y exch get /y2 exch def
4442x exch get /x2 exch def
4443y exch get /y1 exch def
4444x exch get /x1 exch def
4445y exch get /y0 exch def
4446x exch get /x0 exch def
4447x1 y1 x2 y2 thirdpoint
4448/p1y exch def
4449/p1x exch def
4450x2 y2 x1 y1 thirdpoint
4451/p2y exch def
4452/p2x exch def
4453x1 y1 x0 y0 thirdpoint
4454p1x p1y midpoint
4455/p0y exch def
4456/p0x exch def
4457x2 y2 x3 y3 thirdpoint
4458p2x p2y midpoint
4459/p3y exch def
4460/p3x exch def
4461movetoNeeded { p0x p0y moveto } if
4462p1x p1y p2x p2y p3x p3y curveto
4463end
4464} dup 0 17 dict put def
4465
4466/storexyn {
4467/n exch def
4468/y n array def
4469/x n array def
4470n 1 sub -1 0 {
4471/i exch def
4472y i 3 2 roll put
4473x i 3 2 roll put
4474} for
4475} def
4476
4477%%EndProlog
4478
4479%I Idraw 9 Grid 8
4480
4481%%Page: 1 1
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5957
5958%%EndProlog
5959
5960%%BeginIdrawPrologue
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6030%%EndIdrawPrologue
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7254Fm(2.2)112 b(Byte)37 b(Order)75 5007 y Fu(Pro)s(cessors)27
7255b(can)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(the)h(b)m(ytes)g(within)d(a)j(w)m(ord)f(to)i
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7258b(The)42 b(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)h(used)e(b)m(y)h(a)g(mac)m(hine)g(is)f
7259(its)g Fl(byte)i(or)-5 b(der)10 b Fu(.)77 b(MIPS)75 5233
7260y(pro)s(cessors)30 b(can)h(op)s(erate)g(with)e(either)g
7261Fl(big-endian)38 b Fu(b)m(yte)31 b(order:)1920 5656 y(12)p
7262eop
7263%%Page: 13 13
726413 12 bop 1795 86 a Fi(Byte)35 b(#)p 1675 123 581 4 v
72651673 236 4 113 v 1725 202 a Fu(0)p 1818 236 V 100 w(1)p
72661963 236 V 100 w(2)p 2108 236 V 100 w(3)p 2254 236 V
72671675 240 581 4 v 75 380 a(or)30 b Fl(little-endian)39
7268b Fu(b)m(yte)31 b(order:)1795 555 y Fi(Byte)k(#)p 1675
7269592 V 1673 705 4 113 v 1725 671 a Fu(3)p 1818 705 V 100
7270w(2)p 1963 705 V 100 w(1)p 2108 705 V 100 w(0)p 2254
7271705 V 1675 708 581 4 v 75 849 a(SPIM)h(op)s(erates)h(with)e(b)s(oth)h
7272(b)m(yte)h(orders.)59 b(SPIM's)36 b(b)m(yte)h(order)f(is)f(determined)h
7273(b)m(y)g(the)h(b)m(yte)g(order)f(of)75 962 y(the)c(underlying)d(hardw)m
7274(are)i(running)e(the)j(sim)m(ulator.)44 b(On)31 b(a)i(DECstation)f
7275(3100,)i(SPIM)d(is)g(little-endian,)75 1075 y(while)d(on)j(a)f(HP)h
7276(Bob)s(cat,)g(Sun)e(4)i(or)f(PC/R)-8 b(T,)31 b(SPIM)f(is)f(big-endian.)
727775 1317 y Fm(2.3)112 b(Addressing)38 b(Mo)s(des)75 1489
7278y Fu(MIPS)h(is)g(a)h(load/store)h(arc)m(hitecture,)i(whic)m(h)38
7279b(means)i(that)g(only)f(load)g(and)h(store)g(instructions)e(access)75
72801602 y(memory)-8 b(.)83 b(Computation)44 b(instructions)e(op)s(erate)j
7281(only)e(on)i(v)-5 b(alues)43 b(in)h(registers.)82 b(The)44
7282b(bare)g(mac)m(hine)75 1715 y(pro)m(vides)g(only)g(one)h(memory)g
7283(addressing)e(mo)s(de:)69 b Fk(c\(rx\))p Fu(,)48 b(whic)m(h)43
7284b(uses)i(the)g(sum)f(of)h(the)g(immediate)75 1828 y(\(in)m(teger\))39
7285b Fk(c)f Fu(and)g(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e(register)g
7286Fk(rx)g Fu(as)g(the)g(address.)64 b(The)37 b(virtual)g(mac)m(hine)h
7287(pro)m(vides)f(the)75 1941 y(follo)m(wing)29 b(addressing)g(mo)s(des)g
7288(for)h(load)g(and)g(store)h(instructions:)p 309 2039
72893313 4 v 307 2139 4 100 v 657 2109 a Ff(F)-8 b(ormat)p
72901305 2139 V 1305 2139 V 1045 w(Address)31 b(Computation)p
72913620 2139 V 309 2142 3313 4 v 309 2159 V 307 2258 4 100
7292v 359 2228 a Fx(\(register\))p 1305 2258 V 664 w(con)n(ten)n(ts)c(of)g
7293(register)p 3620 2258 V 307 2358 V 359 2328 a(imm)p 1305
72942358 V 837 w(immediate)p 3620 2358 V 307 2458 V 359 2428
7295a(imm)h(\(register\))p 1305 2458 V 475 w(immediate)g(+)f(con)n(ten)n
7296(ts)g(of)g(register)p 3620 2458 V 307 2557 V 359 2527
7297a(sym)n(b)r(ol)p 1305 2557 V 741 w(address)f(of)i(sym)n(b)r(ol)p
72983620 2557 V 307 2657 V 359 2627 a(sym)n(b)r(ol)f Fc(\006)g
7299Fx(imm)p 1305 2657 V 461 w(address)f(of)i(sym)n(b)r(ol)f(+)g(or)g
7300Fc(\000)g Fx(immediate)p 3620 2657 V 307 2756 V 359 2727
7301a(sym)n(b)r(ol)g Fc(\006)g Fx(imm)h(\(register\))p 1305
73022756 V 99 w(address)e(of)i(sym)n(b)r(ol)f(+)g(or)g Fc(\000)g
7303Fx(\(immediate)h(+)f(con)n(ten)n(ts)g(of)h(register\))p
73043620 2756 V 309 2760 3313 4 v 216 2901 a Fu(Most)35 b(load)f(and)f
7305(store)i(instructions)c(op)s(erate)k(only)e(on)h(aligned)f(data.)52
7306b(A)34 b(quan)m(tit)m(y)g(is)f Fl(aligne)-5 b(d)45 b
7307Fu(if)33 b(its)75 3013 y(memory)g(address)f(is)g(a)h(m)m(ultiple)d(of)j
7308(its)f(size)h(in)f(b)m(ytes.)48 b(Therefore,)34 b(a)f(halfw)m(ord)e(ob)
73095 b(ject)34 b(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)f(stored)75 3126 y(at)i(ev)m(en)h
7310(addresses)e(and)g(a)h(full)e(w)m(ord)h(ob)5 b(ject)34
7311b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(stored)h(at)g(addresses)g(that)g(are)g(a)g(m)m
7312(ultiple)d(of)j(4.)75 3239 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)f(MIPS)d(pro)m(vides)f
7313(some)i(instructions)d(for)i(manipulating)e(unaligned)g(data.)75
73143482 y Fm(2.4)112 b(Arithmetic)34 b(and)39 b(Logical)d(Instructions)75
73153653 y Fu(In)28 b(all)f(instructions)g(b)s(elo)m(w,)h
7316Fk(Src2)g Fu(can)g(either)g(b)s(e)g(a)h(register)g(or)f(an)h(immediate)
7317f(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(\(a)h(16)g(bit)f(in)m(teger\).)75
73183766 y(The)38 b(immediate)h(forms)f(of)h(the)g(instructions)e(are)i
7319(only)g(included)d(for)j(reference.)67 b(The)38 b(assem)m(bler)h(will)
732075 3879 y(translate)j(the)g(more)g(general)g(form)g(of)g(an)g
7321(instruction)d(\(e.g.,)47 b Fk(add)p Fu(\))42 b(in)m(to)f(the)i
7322(immediate)e(form)g(\(e.g.,)75 3992 y Fk(addi)p Fu(\))30
7323b(if)f(the)h(second)h(argumen)m(t)g(is)e(constan)m(t.)75
73244200 y Fk(abs)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc)2407 b Fl(A)n(bsolute)32
7325b(V)-7 b(alue)3819 4167 y Fb(y)75 4313 y Fu(Put)30 b(the)h(absolute)f
7326(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(the)h(in)m(teger)f(from)g(register)h
7327Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(in)g(register)h Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 4521
7328y Fk(add)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1757 b Fl(A)-5 b(ddition)33
7329b(\(with)h(over\015ow\))75 4634 y Fk(addi)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Imm)
73301310 b Fl(A)-5 b(ddition)34 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)34 b(\(with)g
7331(over\015ow\))75 4747 y Fk(addu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1583
7332b Fl(A)-5 b(ddition)34 b(\(without)g(over\015ow\))75
73334860 y Fk(addiu)46 b(Rdest,)g(Rsrc1,)h(Imm)1137 b Fl(A)-5
7334b(ddition)34 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)34 b(\(without)g(over\015ow\))75
73354973 y Fu(Put)c(the)h(sum)e(of)i(the)f(in)m(tegers)h(from)f(register)g
7336Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(and)h Fk(Src2)f Fu(\(or)i Fk(Imm)p Fu(\))e(in)m(to)i
7337(register)f Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 5181 y Fk(and)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g
7338(Src2)2525 b Fl(AND)75 5294 y Fk(andi)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Imm)2079
7339b Fl(AND)31 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)75 5407 y Fu(Put)30 b(the)g(logical)g
7340(AND)g(of)h(the)f(in)m(tegers)g(from)g(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)f
7341Fu(and)g Fk(Src2)g Fu(\(or)i Fk(Imm)p Fu(\))e(in)m(to)h(register)g
7342Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)1920 5656 y(13)p eop
7343%%Page: 14 14
734414 13 bop 75 99 a Fk(div)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Rsrc2)2412 b Fl(Divide)32
7345b(\(signe)-5 b(d\))75 211 y Fk(divu)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Rsrc2)2264
7346b Fl(Divide)32 b(\(unsigne)-5 b(d\))75 324 y Fu(Divide)30
7347b(the)h(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)g(the)f(t)m(w)m(o)h(registers.)42
7348b Fk(divu)30 b Fu(treats)i(is)e(op)s(erands)f(as)i(unsigned)e(v)-5
7349b(alues.)42 b(Lea)m(v)m(e)33 b(the)75 437 y(quotien)m(t)i(in)f
7350(register)i Fk(lo)e Fu(and)h(the)g(remainder)f(in)g(register)h
7351Fk(hi)p Fu(.)55 b(Note)37 b(that)f(if)e(an)h(op)s(erand)f(is)g(negativ)
7352m(e,)75 550 y(the)h(remainder)e(is)g(unsp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)j(the)f
7353(MIPS)g(arc)m(hitecture)i(and)e(dep)s(ends)e(on)j(the)f(con)m(v)m(en)m
7354(tions)i(of)f(the)75 663 y(mac)m(hine)30 b(on)g(whic)m(h)f(SPIM)h(is)g
7355(run.)75 869 y Fk(div)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1471
7356b Fl(Divide)32 b(\(signe)-5 b(d,)34 b(with)f(over\015ow\))3819
7357836 y Fb(y)75 981 y Fk(divu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1198
7358b Fl(Divide)32 b(\(unsigne)-5 b(d,)33 b(without)h(over\015ow\))3819
7359948 y Fb(y)75 1094 y Fu(Put)d(the)h(quotien)m(t)g(of)g(the)g(in)m
7360(tegers)g(from)f(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)g Fu(and)g Fk(Src2)f
7361Fu(in)m(to)i(register)f Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)43 b Fk(divu)31
7362b Fu(treats)75 1207 y(is)e(op)s(erands)h(as)g(unsigned)e(v)-5
7363b(alues.)75 1413 y Fk(mul)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1577
7364b Fl(Multiply)33 b(\(without)h(over\015ow\))3819 1380
7365y Fb(y)75 1526 y Fk(mulo)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1654
7366b Fl(Multiply)33 b(\(with)h(over\015ow\))3819 1493 y
7367Fb(y)75 1731 y Fk(mulou)46 b(Rdest,)g(Rsrc1,)h(Src2)1214
7368b Fl(Unsigne)-5 b(d)32 b(Multiply)h(\(with)h(over\015ow\))3819
73691698 y Fb(y)75 1844 y Fu(Put)c(the)h(pro)s(duct)e(of)h(the)h(in)m
7370(tegers)f(from)g(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)e Fu(and)g Fk(Src2)h
7371Fu(in)m(to)g(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 2049 y Fk(mult)47
7372b(Rsrc1,)f(Rsrc2)2642 b Fl(Multiply)75 2162 y Fk(multu)46
7373b(Rsrc1,)g(Rsrc2)2202 b Fl(Unsigne)-5 b(d)33 b(Multiply)75
73742275 y Fu(Multiply)c(the)j(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)h
7375(registers.)44 b(Lea)m(v)m(e)34 b(the)e(lo)m(w-order)f(w)m(ord)h(of)f
7376(the)h(pro)s(duct)f(in)f(register)75 2388 y Fk(lo)g Fu(and)g(the)g
7377(high-w)m(ord)f(in)g(register)h Fk(hi)p Fu(.)75 2594
7378y Fk(neg)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc)1843 b Fl(Ne)-5 b(gate)33
7379b(V)-7 b(alue)32 b(\(with)i(over\015ow\))3819 2561 y
7380Fb(y)75 2707 y Fk(negu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc)1670 b Fl(Ne)-5
7381b(gate)33 b(V)-7 b(alue)32 b(\(without)i(over\015ow\))3819
73822674 y Fb(y)75 2819 y Fu(Put)c(the)h(negativ)m(e)g(of)g(the)f(in)m
7383(teger)h(from)f(register)g Fk(Rsrc)f Fu(in)m(to)i(register)f
7384Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 3025 y Fk(nor)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2525
7385b Fl(NOR)75 3138 y Fu(Put)30 b(the)h(logical)e(NOR)i(of)f(the)h(in)m
7386(tegers)f(from)g(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(and)h Fk(Src2)f
7387Fu(in)m(to)i(register)f Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 3343 y Fk(not)47
7388b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc)2793 b Fl(NOT)3819 3310 y Fb(y)75 3456
7389y Fu(Put)30 b(the)h(bit)m(wise)e(logical)g(negation)i(of)g(the)f(in)m
7390(teger)h(from)f(register)g Fk(Rsrc)f Fu(in)m(to)i(register)f
7391Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 3662 y Fk(or)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2641
7392b Fl(OR)75 3775 y Fk(ori)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Imm)2195
7393b Fl(OR)32 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)75 3888 y Fu(Put)30 b(the)h(logical)e(OR)h
7394(of)h(the)f(in)m(tegers)h(from)f(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)f
7395Fu(and)h Fk(Src2)f Fu(\(or)i Fk(Imm)p Fu(\))f(in)m(to)g(register)g
7396Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 4093 y Fk(rem)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2231
7397b Fl(R)-5 b(emainder)3819 4060 y Fb(y)75 4206 y Fk(remu)47
7398b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1790 b Fl(Unsigne)-5 b(d)33
7399b(R)-5 b(emainder)3819 4173 y Fb(y)75 4319 y Fu(Put)24
7400b(the)h(remainder)d(from)i(dividing)d(the)k(in)m(teger)g(in)e(register)
7401h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(b)m(y)h(the)h(in)m(teger)f(in)g Fk(Src2)f
7402Fu(in)m(to)h(register)75 4432 y Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)36 b(Note)22
7403b(that)f(if)f(an)h(op)s(erand)e(is)h(negativ)m(e,)k(the)d(remainder)e
7404(is)h(unsp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)i(the)h(MIPS)f(arc)m(hitecture)75
74054545 y(and)30 b(dep)s(ends)e(on)j(the)f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)i(of)e
7406(the)h(mac)m(hine)f(on)g(whic)m(h)f(SPIM)h(is)f(run.)75
74074750 y Fk(rol)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2219 b Fl(R)-5
7408b(otate)35 b(L)-5 b(eft)3819 4717 y Fb(y)75 4863 y Fk(ror)47
7409b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2161 b Fl(R)-5 b(otate)35 b(R)n(ight)3819
74104830 y Fb(y)75 4976 y Fu(Rotate)30 b(the)f(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f
7411(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)e Fu(left)h(\(righ)m(t\))h(b)m(y)f(the)h(distance)
7412f(indicated)f(b)m(y)i Fk(Src2)e Fu(and)h(put)g(the)75
74135089 y(result)h(in)g(register)i Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 5294
7414y Fk(sll)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2057 b Fl(Shift)33
7415b(L)-5 b(eft)33 b(L)-5 b(o)g(gic)g(al)75 5407 y Fk(sllv)47
7416b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Rsrc2)1602 b Fl(Shift)33 b(L)-5 b(eft)33
7417b(L)-5 b(o)g(gic)g(al)34 b(V)-7 b(ariable)1920 5656 y
7418Fu(14)p eop
7419%%Page: 15 15
742015 14 bop 75 99 a Fk(sra)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1846
7421b Fl(Shift)33 b(R)n(ight)g(A)n(rithmetic)75 211 y Fk(srav)47
7422b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Rsrc2)1391 b Fl(Shift)33 b(R)n(ight)g(A)n
7423(rithmetic)f(V)-7 b(ariable)75 324 y Fk(srl)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g
7424(Src2)1999 b Fl(Shift)33 b(R)n(ight)g(L)-5 b(o)g(gic)g(al)75
7425437 y Fk(srlv)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Rsrc2)1544 b Fl(Shift)33
7426b(R)n(ight)g(L)-5 b(o)g(gic)g(al)34 b(V)-7 b(ariable)75
7427550 y Fu(Shift)31 b(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f(register)f
7428Fk(Rsrc1)g Fu(left)g(\(righ)m(t\))h(b)m(y)f(the)h(distance)f(indicated)
7429g(b)m(y)g Fk(Src2)g Fu(\()p Fk(Rsrc2)p Fu(\))g(and)75
7430663 y(put)e(the)g(result)g(in)f(register)h Fk(Rdest)p
7431Fu(.)75 852 y Fk(sub)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1772
7432b Fl(Subtr)-5 b(act)33 b(\(with)h(over\015ow\))75 965
7433y Fk(subu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1598 b Fl(Subtr)-5
7434b(act)34 b(\(without)g(over\015ow\))75 1078 y Fu(Put)c(the)h
7435(di\013erence)e(of)i(the)g(in)m(tegers)f(from)g(register)g
7436Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(and)h Fk(Src2)f Fu(in)m(to)i(register)f
7437Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 1267 y Fk(xor)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2528
7438b Fl(X)n(OR)75 1380 y Fk(xori)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Imm)2081
7439b Fl(X)n(OR)32 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)75 1493 y Fu(Put)30
7440b(the)g(logical)g(X)m(OR)h(of)f(the)g(in)m(tegers)h(from)f(register)g
7441Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(and)g Fk(Src2)g Fu(\(or)i Fk(Imm)p Fu(\))f(in)m(to)g
7442(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 1731 y Fm(2.5)112 b(Constan)m
7443(t-Manipulating)38 b(Instructions)75 1979 y Fk(li)47
7444b(Rdest,)f(imm)2458 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)34 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)3819
74451946 y Fb(y)75 2092 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(the)f(immediate)e
7446Fk(imm)h Fu(in)m(to)g(register)h Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 2281
7447y Fk(lui)47 b(Rdest,)f(imm)2209 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35
7448b(Upp)-5 b(er)33 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)75 2394 y Fu(Load)33
7449b(the)g(lo)m(w)m(er)g(halfw)m(ord)e(of)i(the)g(immediate)f
7450Fk(imm)g Fu(in)m(to)h(the)g(upp)s(er)e(halfw)m(ord)g(of)i(register)g
7451Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)46 b(The)75 2507 y(lo)m(w)m(er)31 b(bits)e(of)h(the)h
7452(register)f(are)h(set)g(to)g(0.)75 2745 y Fm(2.6)112
7453b(Comparison)37 b(Instructions)75 2917 y Fu(In)28 b(all)f(instructions)
7454g(b)s(elo)m(w,)h Fk(Src2)g Fu(can)g(either)g(b)s(e)g(a)h(register)g(or)
7455f(an)h(immediate)f(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(\(a)h(16)g(bit)f(in)m(teger\).)75
74563106 y Fk(seq)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2283 b Fl(Set)33
7457b(Equal)3819 3073 y Fb(y)75 3219 y Fu(Set)e(register)f
7458Fk(Rdest)f Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(equals)h
7459Fk(Src2)f Fu(and)h(to)h(b)s(e)f(0)g(otherwise.)75 3408
7460y Fk(sge)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1711 b Fl(Set)33
7461b(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Equal)3819 3375 y Fb(y)75
74623521 y Fk(sgeu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1270 b Fl(Set)33
7463b(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)35 b(Than)e(Equal)g(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819
74643488 y Fb(y)75 3634 y Fu(Set)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)f
7465Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(is)h(greater)h(than)f(or)h
7466(equal)f(to)h Fk(Src2)e Fu(and)h(to)h(0)f(otherwise.)75
74673823 y Fk(sgt)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1966 b Fl(Set)32
7468b(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)35 b(Than)3819 3790 y Fb(y)75 3936
7469y Fk(sgtu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1525 b Fl(Set)33
7470b(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819 3903
7471y Fb(y)75 4049 y Fu(Set)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)f Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e
7472(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(is)h(greater)h(than)f Fk(Src2)f
7473Fu(and)h(to)h(0)g(otherwise.)75 4238 y Fk(sle)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g
7474(Src2)1841 b Fl(Set)32 b(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)h(Equal)3819
74754205 y Fb(y)75 4351 y Fk(sleu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1400
7476b Fl(Set)32 b(L)-5 b(ess)34 b(Than)f(Equal)g(Unsigne)-5
7477b(d)3819 4318 y Fb(y)75 4464 y Fu(Set)31 b(register)f
7478Fk(Rdest)f Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(is)h(less)f(than)h
7479(or)h(equal)f(to)h Fk(Src2)e Fu(and)h(to)h(0)g(otherwise.)75
74804653 y Fk(slt)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2163 b Fl(Set)33
7481b(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)75 4766 y Fk(slti)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Imm)
74821717 b Fl(Set)33 b(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)g(Imme)-5 b(diate)75
74834879 y Fk(sltu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1722 b Fl(Set)33
7484b(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)h(Unsigne)-5 b(d)75 4992 y Fk(sltiu)46
7485b(Rdest,)g(Rsrc1,)h(Imm)1276 b Fl(Set)33 b(L)-5 b(ess)33
7486b(Than)g(Unsigne)-5 b(d)33 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)75 5105
7487y Fu(Set)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)f Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e(register)h
7488Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(is)h(less)f(than)h Fk(Src2)g Fu(\(or)g
7489Fk(Imm)p Fu(\))g(and)g(to)h(0)g(otherwise.)75 5294 y
7490Fk(sne)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2107 b Fl(Set)32 b(Not)h(Equal)3819
74915261 y Fb(y)75 5407 y Fu(Set)e(register)f Fk(Rdest)f
7492Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(is)h(not)g(equal)g(to)h
7493Fk(Src2)e Fu(and)h(to)h(0)g(otherwise.)1920 5656 y(15)p
7494eop
7495%%Page: 16 16
749616 15 bop 75 99 a Fm(2.7)112 b(Branc)m(h)38 b(and)g(Jump)f
7497(Instructions)75 270 y Fu(In)28 b(all)h(instructions)e(b)s(elo)m(w,)i
7498Fk(Src2)f Fu(can)h(either)g(b)s(e)f(a)i(register)f(or)g(an)g(immediate)
7499g(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(\(in)m(teger\).)42 b(Branc)m(h)75
7500383 y(instructions)25 b(use)h(a)h(signed)f(16-bit)h(o\013set)h
7501(\014eld;)e(hence)h(they)g(can)g(jump)f(2)2673 350 y
7502Fr(15)2761 383 y Fj(\000)13 b Fu(1)26 b Fl(instructions)36
7503b Fu(\(not)27 b(b)m(ytes\))75 496 y(forw)m(ard)j(or)g(2)565
7504463 y Fr(15)671 496 y Fu(instructions)e(bac)m(kw)m(ards.)41
7505b(The)30 b Fl(jump)36 b Fu(instruction)29 b(con)m(tains)h(a)h(26)g(bit)
7506f(address)f(\014eld.)75 708 y Fk(b)47 b(label)2630 b
7507Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(instruction)3819 675 y Fb(y)75 821
7508y Fu(Unconditionally)28 b(branc)m(h)h(to)i(the)g(instruction)d(at)k
7509(the)e(lab)s(el.)75 1034 y Fk(bc)p Fa(z)p Fk(t)47 b(label)2215
7510b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(Copr)-5 b(o)g(c)g(essor)36 b Fg(z)h
7511Fl(T)-7 b(rue)75 1147 y Fk(bc)p Fa(z)p Fk(f)47 b(label)2201
7512b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(Copr)-5 b(o)g(c)g(essor)36 b Fg(z)h
7513Fl(F)-7 b(alse)75 1260 y Fu(Conditionally)39 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)f
7514(instruction)f(at)i(the)f(lab)s(el)f(if)g(copro)s(cessor)i
7515Fg(z)t Fu('s)f(condition)f(\015ag)i(is)e(true)75 1373
7516y(\(false\).)75 1585 y Fk(beq)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)2061
7517b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Equal)75 1698 y Fu(Conditionally)21
7518b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)f(instruction)e(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)h(the)i
7519(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)e(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(equals)h
7520Fk(Src2)p Fu(.)75 1911 y Fk(beqz)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)2069
7521b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Equal)f(Zer)-5 b(o)3819 1878
7522y Fb(y)75 2024 y Fu(Conditionally)27 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g
7523(instruction)d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f
7524Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(equals)h(0.)75 2236 y Fk(bge)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)
75251421 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34
7526b(Than)g(Equal)3819 2203 y Fb(y)75 2349 y Fk(bgeu)47
7527b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1577 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(GTE)g
7528(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819 2316 y Fb(y)75 2462 y Fu(Conditionally)25
7529b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g(instruction)d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g
7530(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(register)f Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(are)i(greater)75
75312575 y(than)h(or)g(equal)g(to)h Fk(Src2)p Fu(.)75 2787
7532y Fk(bgez)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)1564 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)35
7533b(on)e(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Equal)e(Zer)-5 b(o)75
75342900 y Fu(Conditionally)28 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g(instruction)e(at)i
7535(the)g(lab)s(el)e(if)g(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f Fk(Rsrc)e
7536Fu(are)i(greater)h(than)e(or)75 3013 y(equal)f(to)h(0.)75
75373226 y Fk(bgezal)46 b(Rsrc,)g(label)1064 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34
7538b(on)f(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Equal)f(Zer)-5 b(o)33
7539b(A)n(nd)f(Link)75 3339 y Fu(Conditionally)c(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g
7540(instruction)e(at)i(the)g(lab)s(el)e(if)g(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f
7541Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(are)i(greater)h(than)e(or)75 3452 y(equal)f(to)h(0.)41
7542b(Sa)m(v)m(e)32 b(the)e(address)g(of)g(the)h(next)f(instruction)f(in)g
7543(register)h(31.)75 3664 y Fk(bgt)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1675
7544b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)35 b(Than)3819
75453631 y Fb(y)75 3777 y Fk(bgtu)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1234
7546b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)g(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Unsigne)-5
7547b(d)3819 3744 y Fb(y)75 3890 y Fu(Conditionally)25 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h
7548(the)g(instruction)d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i
7549(of)f(register)f Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(are)i(greater)75 4003
7550y(than)h Fk(Src2)p Fu(.)75 4215 y Fk(bgtz)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)1819
7551b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)35 b(Than)e(Zer)-5
7552b(o)75 4328 y Fu(Conditionally)27 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g(instruction)
7553d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f
7554Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(are)i(greater)g(than)g(0.)75 4541 y Fk(ble)47
7555b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1550 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(L)-5
7556b(ess)33 b(Than)h(Equal)3819 4508 y Fb(y)75 4654 y Fk(bleu)47
7557b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1597 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(L)-7
7558b(TE)33 b(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819 4621 y Fb(y)75 4767 y Fu(Conditionally)35
7559b(branc)m(h)i(to)h(the)g(instruction)e(at)i(the)g(lab)s(el)e(if)h(the)h
7560(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e(register)f Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(are)j(less)75
75614880 y(than)30 b(or)g(equal)g(to)h Fk(Src2)p Fu(.)75
75625092 y Fk(blez)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)1694 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34
7563b(on)f(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)h(Equal)e(Zer)-5 b(o)75 5205
7564y Fu(Conditionally)22 b(branc)m(h)j(to)i(the)f(instruction)d(at)k(the)e
7565(lab)s(el)f(if)h(the)h(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f Fk(Rsrc)e
7566Fu(are)i(less)f(than)h(or)f(equal)75 5318 y(to)31 b(0.)1920
75675656 y(16)p eop
7568%%Page: 17 17
756917 16 bop 75 99 a Fk(bgezal)46 b(Rsrc,)g(label)1064 b
7570Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Equal)f(Zer)-5
7571b(o)33 b(A)n(nd)f(Link)75 211 y Fk(bltzal)46 b(Rsrc,)g(label)1658
7572b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)h(A)n(nd)e(Link)75
7573324 y Fu(Conditionally)27 b(branc)m(h)i(to)h(the)g(instruction)e(at)j
7574(the)f(lab)s(el)e(if)g(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e Fk(Rsrc)e
7575Fu(are)j(greater)g(or)e(equal)75 437 y(to)i(0)g(or)f(less)g(than)g(0,)h
7576(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)41 b(Sa)m(v)m(e)31 b(the)g(address)e(of)i
7577(the)f(next)h(instruction)d(in)h(register)h(31.)75 650
7578y Fk(blt)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1805 b Fl(Br)-5
7579b(anch)34 b(on)f(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)3819 617 y Fb(y)75
7580763 y Fk(bltu)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1364 b Fl(Br)-5
7581b(anch)34 b(on)f(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)h(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819
7582730 y Fb(y)75 876 y Fu(Conditionally)35 b(branc)m(h)i(to)h(the)g
7583(instruction)e(at)i(the)g(lab)s(el)e(if)h(the)h(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e
7584(register)f Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(are)j(less)75 989 y(than)30
7585b Fk(Src2)p Fu(.)75 1201 y Fk(bltz)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)1948
7586b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)35 b(on)e(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)g(Zer)-5
7587b(o)75 1314 y Fu(Conditionally)27 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g(instruction)
7588d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f
7589Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(are)i(less)f(than)g(0.)75 1526 y Fk(bne)47
7590b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1884 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Not)g(Equal)
759175 1639 y Fu(Conditionally)i(branc)m(h)j(to)g(the)h(instruction)d(at)j
7592(the)f(lab)s(el)f(if)g(the)h(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e(register)g
7593Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(are)i(not)75 1752 y(equal)30 b(to)h Fk(Src2)p
7594Fu(.)75 1965 y Fk(bnez)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)1892 b Fl(Br)-5
7595b(anch)34 b(on)f(Not)g(Equal)f(Zer)-5 b(o)3819 1932 y
7596Fb(y)75 2078 y Fu(Conditionally)27 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g
7597(instruction)d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f
7598Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(are)i(not)f(equal)g(to)h(0.)75 2290 y Fk(j)47
7599b(label)3228 b Fl(Jump)75 2403 y Fu(Unconditionally)28
7600b(jump)g(to)k(the)e(instruction)e(at)k(the)e(lab)s(el.)75
76012616 y Fk(jal)47 b(label)2745 b Fl(Jump)33 b(and)g(Link)75
76022729 y Fk(jalr)47 b(Rsrc)2396 b Fl(Jump)33 b(and)h(Link)e(R)-5
7603b(e)g(gister)75 2842 y Fu(Unconditionally)28 b(jump)h(to)j(the)f
7604(instruction)d(at)k(the)f(lab)s(el)e(or)i(whose)f(address)g(is)g(in)f
7605(register)i Fk(Rsrc)p Fu(.)41 b(Sa)m(v)m(e)75 2954 y(the)31
7606b(address)e(of)i(the)f(next)h(instruction)d(in)h(register)h(31.)75
76073167 y Fk(jr)47 b(Rsrc)2879 b Fl(Jump)33 b(R)-5 b(e)g(gister)75
76083280 y Fu(Unconditionally)28 b(jump)g(to)k(the)e(instruction)e(whose)j
7609(address)e(is)h(in)f(register)h Fk(Rsrc)p Fu(.)75 3523
7610y Fm(2.8)112 b(Load)39 b(Instructions)75 3795 y Fk(la)47
7611b(Rdest,)f(address)2374 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)34 b(A)-5
7612b(ddr)g(ess)3819 3762 y Fb(y)75 3908 y Fu(Load)31 b(computed)f
7613Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)7 b Fu(,)33 b(not)e(the)f(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)f
7614(lo)s(cation,)h(in)m(to)f(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75
76154120 y Fk(lb)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2567 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35
7616b(Byte)75 4233 y Fk(lbu)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2126 b
7617Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Unsigne)-5 b(d)33 b(Byte)75 4346
7618y Fu(Load)e(the)f(b)m(yte)h(at)g Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)40
7619b Fu(in)m(to)30 b(register)h Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)39 b(The)30
7620b(b)m(yte)h(is)e(sign-extended)h(b)m(y)g(the)h Fk(lb)p
7621Fu(,)f(but)f(not)i(the)75 4459 y Fk(lbu)p Fu(,)f(instruction.)75
76224671 y Fk(ld)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2159 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)34
7623b(Double-Wor)-5 b(d)3819 4638 y Fb(y)75 4784 y Fu(Load)31
7624b(the)f(64-bit)h(quan)m(tit)m(y)f(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)40
7625b Fu(in)m(to)31 b(registers)f Fk(Rdest)f Fu(and)h Fk(Rdest)46
7626b(+)h(1)p Fu(.)75 4997 y Fk(lh)g(Rdest,)f(address)2395
7627b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Halfwor)-5 b(d)75 5110 y Fk(lhu)47
7628b(Rdest,)f(address)1954 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Unsigne)-5
7629b(d)33 b(Halfwor)-5 b(d)75 5223 y Fu(Load)21 b(the)f(16-bit)h(quan)m
7630(tit)m(y)g(\(halfw)m(ord\))e(at)i Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)31
7631b Fu(in)m(to)20 b(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)36 b(The)20
7632b(halfw)m(ord)f(is)h(sign-extended)75 5335 y(b)m(y)30
7633b(the)h Fk(lh)p Fu(,)f(but)g(not)g(the)h Fi(lh)m(u)p
7634Fu(,)g(instruction)1920 5656 y(17)p eop
7635%%Page: 18 18
763618 17 bop 75 99 a Fk(lw)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2530 b
7637Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Wor)-5 b(d)75 211 y Fu(Load)31
7638b(the)f(32-bit)h(quan)m(tit)m(y)f(\(w)m(ord\))h(at)g
7639Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)40 b Fu(in)m(to)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)p
7640Fu(.)75 424 y Fk(lwc)p Fa(z)62 b Fk(Rdest,)47 b(address)1914
7641b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)34 b(Wor)-5 b(d)34 b(Copr)-5 b(o)g(c)g(essor)75
7642537 y Fu(Load)31 b(the)f(w)m(ord)g(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)40
7643b Fu(in)m(to)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)f Fu(of)h(copro)s(cessor)h
7644Fg(z)k Fu(\(0{3\).)75 749 y Fk(lwl)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2297
7645b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Wor)-5 b(d)34 b(L)-5 b(eft)75
7646862 y Fk(lwr)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2239 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35
7647b(Wor)-5 b(d)34 b(R)n(ight)75 975 y Fu(Load)29 b(the)g(left)g(\(righ)m
7648(t\))g(b)m(ytes)h(from)e(the)h(w)m(ord)g(at)g(the)h(p)s
7649(ossibly-unaligned)24 b Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)38 b Fu(in)m(to)29
7650b(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 1188 y Fk(ulh)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)
76511854 b Fl(Unaligne)-5 b(d)33 b(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Halfwor)-5
7652b(d)3819 1155 y Fb(y)75 1301 y Fk(ulhu)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)1413
7653b Fl(Unaligne)-5 b(d)33 b(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Halfwor)-5
7654b(d)35 b(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819 1268 y Fb(y)75 1414 y Fu(Load)30
7655b(the)g(16-bit)h(quan)m(tit)m(y)f(\(halfw)m(ord\))f(at)i(the)f(p)s
7656(ossibly-unaligned)c Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)39 b Fu(in)m(to)30
7657b(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)39 b(The)75 1526 y(halfw)m(ord)29
7658b(is)g(sign-extended)h(b)m(y)g(the)h Fk(ulh)p Fu(,)f(but)f(not)i(the)g
7659Fi(ulh)m(u)p Fu(,)f(instruction)75 1739 y Fk(ulw)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)
76601989 b Fl(Unaligne)-5 b(d)33 b(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Wor)-5
7661b(d)3819 1706 y Fb(y)75 1852 y Fu(Load)31 b(the)f(32-bit)h(quan)m(tit)m
7662(y)f(\(w)m(ord\))h(at)g(the)g(p)s(ossibly-unaligned)25
7663b Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)40 b Fu(in)m(to)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)p
7664Fu(.)75 2095 y Fm(2.9)112 b(Store)37 b(Instructions)75
76652367 y Fk(sb)47 b(Rsrc,)g(address)2598 b Fl(Stor)-5 b(e)34
7666b(Byte)75 2480 y Fu(Store)d(the)f(lo)m(w)g(b)m(yte)h(from)f(register)g
7667Fk(Rsrc)g Fu(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)7 b Fu(.)75 2692 y
7668Fk(sd)47 b(Rsrc,)g(address)2189 b Fl(Stor)-5 b(e)34 b(Double-Wor)-5
7669b(d)3819 2659 y Fb(y)75 2805 y Fu(Store)31 b(the)f(64-bit)h(quan)m(tit)
7670m(y)f(in)g(registers)g Fk(Rsrc)f Fu(and)h Fk(Rsrc)46
7671b(+)i(1)30 b Fu(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)7 b Fu(.)75 3018
7672y Fk(sh)47 b(Rsrc,)g(address)2426 b Fl(Stor)-5 b(e)34
7673b(Halfwor)-5 b(d)75 3130 y Fu(Store)31 b(the)f(lo)m(w)g(halfw)m(ord)f
7674(from)h(register)g Fk(Rsrc)g Fu(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)7
7675b Fu(.)75 3343 y Fk(sw)47 b(Rsrc,)g(address)2561 b Fl(Stor)-5
7676b(e)34 b(Wor)-5 b(d)75 3456 y Fu(Store)31 b(the)f(w)m(ord)g(from)g
7677(register)g Fk(Rsrc)g Fu(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)7 b Fu(.)75
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7697%%Page: 19 19
769819 18 bop 75 99 a Fm(2.10)112 b(Data)38 b(Mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)f
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7762Fk(FRsrc1)p Fu(,)f Fk(FRsrc2)p Fu(,)h(and)f Fk(FRsrc)e
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7772%%Page: 20 20
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7802b(\015ag)i(true)f(if)f(the)i(\014rst)e(is)h(less)f(than)i(the)f
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7831Fk(FRdest)p Fu(.)75 4436 y Fk(l.d)47 b(FRdest,)f(address)1708
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7847%%Page: 21 21
784821 20 bop 75 99 a Fu(Compute)29 b(the)g(pro)s(duct)f(of)h(the)g
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78522304 b Fl(Ne)-5 b(gate)32 b(Double)75 537 y Fk(neg.s)46
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7856Fk(FRdest)p Fu(.)75 862 y Fk(s.d)47 b(FRdest,)f(address)1692
7857b Fl(Stor)-5 b(e)34 b(Flo)-5 b(ating)34 b(Point)f(Double)3819
7858829 y Fb(y)75 975 y Fk(s.s)47 b(FRdest,)f(address)1726
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7869Fk(FRdest)p Fu(.)75 1883 y Fm(2.12)112 b(Exception)37
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78722267 y Fu(Restore)31 b(the)g(Status)f(register.)75 2480
7873y Fk(syscall)2970 b Fl(System)33 b(Cal)5 b(l)75 2592
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7876e(b)m(y)h(SPIM.)75 2805 y Fk(break)46 b(n)3223 b Fl(Br)-5
7877b(e)g(ak)75 2918 y Fu(Cause)30 b(exception)h Fg(n)p Fu(.)40
7878b(Exception)30 b(1)h(is)e(reserv)m(ed)i(for)f(the)g(debugger.)75
78793130 y Fk(nop)3124 b Fl(No)32 b(op)-5 b(er)g(ation)75
78803243 y Fu(Do)31 b(nothing.)75 3530 y Fs(3)135 b(Memory)45
7881b(Usage)75 3733 y Fu(The)37 b(organization)h(of)g(memory)g(in)e(MIPS)i
7882(systems)f(is)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tional.)64 b(A)38 b(program's)g(address)
7883f(space)h(is)75 3846 y(comp)s(osed)30 b(of)h(three)f(parts)g(\(see)i
7884(Figure)e(5\).)216 3959 y(A)m(t)38 b(the)g(b)s(ottom)f(of)h(the)f(user)
7885g(address)f(space)i(\(0x400000\))j(is)36 b(the)h(text)i(segmen)m(t,)h
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10662b(If)32 b(it)g(is)f(zero)i(it)f(means)g(the)75 550 y(transmitter)40
10663b(is)f(still)f(busy)g(outputting)i(the)g(previous)f(c)m(haracter)i(giv)
10664m(en)f(to)h(it.)69 b(Bit)40 b(one)h(is)e(\\in)m(terrupt)75
10665663 y(enable";)d(it)e(is)f(readable)g(and)h(writable.)50
10666b(If)34 b(it)g(is)f(set)h(to)h(one,)h(then)e(an)g(in)m(terrupt)e(will)g
10667(b)s(e)h(requested)h(on)75 776 y(lev)m(el)c(one)h(whenev)m(er)f(the)h
10668(ready)f(bit)f(is)h(one.)216 889 y(The)c(\014nal)g(device)g(register)h
10669(is)f(the)h(T)-8 b(ransmitter)26 b(Data)i(Register)f(\(at)h(address)e
10670(0x\013\013000c\).)42 b(When)27 b(it)f(is)75 1002 y(written,)f(the)g
10671(lo)m(w-order)f(eigh)m(t)h(bits)e(are)i(tak)m(en)g(as)g(an)g(ASCI)s(I)d
10672(c)m(haracter)27 b(to)e(output)f(to)h(the)g(displa)m(y)-8
10673b(.)37 b(When)75 1115 y(the)28 b(T)-8 b(ransmitter)26
10674b(Data)k(Register)d(is)g(written,)g(the)h(ready)f(bit)g(in)f(the)i(T)-8
10675b(ransmitter)27 b(Con)m(trol)g(Register)h(will)75 1228
10676y(b)s(e)h(reset)i(to)g(zero.)41 b(The)30 b(bit)f(will)f(sta)m(y)j(zero)
10677g(un)m(til)d(enough)i(time)g(has)g(elapsed)f(to)i(transmit)e(the)h(c)m
10678(haracter)75 1341 y(to)c(the)g(terminal;)g(then)f(the)g(ready)h(bit)e
10679(will)f(b)s(e)i(set)h(bac)m(k)g(to)g(one)g(again.)39
10680b(The)25 b(T)-8 b(ransmitter)25 b(Data)i(Register)75
106811453 y(should)36 b(only)h(b)s(e)g(written)f(when)h(the)h(ready)g(bit)e
10682(of)i(the)g(T)-8 b(ransmitter)37 b(Con)m(trol)g(Register)h(is)f(one;)42
10683b(if)37 b(the)75 1566 y(transmitter)k(isn't)g(ready)h(then)f(writes)g
10684(to)i(the)f(T)-8 b(ransmitter)41 b(Data)i(Register)f(are)g(ignored)f
10685(\(the)i(write)75 1679 y(app)s(ears)30 b(to)h(succeed)g(but)e(the)i(c)m
10686(haracter)h(will)27 b(not)k(b)s(e)f(output\).)216 1792
10687y(In)25 b(real)g(computers)h(it)f(tak)m(es)i(time)e(to)i(send)e(c)m
10688(haracters)i(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)e(serial)g(lines)f(that)i(connect)h
10689(terminals)75 1905 y(to)g(computers.)39 b(These)26 b(time)g(lags)g(are)
10690h(sim)m(ulated)e(b)m(y)h(SPIM.)g(F)-8 b(or)27 b(example,)g(after)g(the)
10691g(transmitter)f(starts)75 2018 y(transmitting)19 b(a)i(c)m(haracter,)j
10692(the)d(transmitter's)f(ready)g(bit)g(will)e(b)s(ecome)i(zero)i(for)e(a)
10693h(while.)35 b(SPIM)20 b(measures)75 2131 y(this)30 b(time)h(in)f
10694(instructions)f(executed,)j(not)g(in)d(real)i(clo)s(c)m(k)h(time.)43
10695b(This)29 b(means)i(that)h(the)f(transmitter)g(will)75
106962244 y(not)36 b(b)s(ecome)g(ready)g(again)g(un)m(til)e(the)i(pro)s
10697(cessor)f(has)h(executed)g(a)g(certain)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h
10698(instructions.)54 b(If)75 2357 y(y)m(ou)29 b(stop)f(the)h(mac)m(hine)f
10699(and)g(lo)s(ok)g(at)h(the)g(ready)f(bit)f(using)g(SPIM,)h(it)g(will)e
10700(not)j(c)m(hange.)41 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)31 b(if)d(y)m(ou)75
107012470 y(let)i(the)h(mac)m(hine)f(run)f(then)h(the)g(bit)g(will)e(ev)m
10702(en)m(tually)i(c)m(hange)h(bac)m(k)h(to)f(one.)1920 5656
10703y(26)p eop
10704%%Trailer
10705end
10706userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
10707%%EOF
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