source: liacs/coco/spim6_4_doc.ps@ 77

Last change on this file since 77 was 2, checked in by Rick van der Zwet, 15 years ago

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2601
2602/arrowheadpath {
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2681
2682/storexyn {
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2686n 1 sub -1 0 {
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2692
2693%%EndProlog
2694
2695%I Idraw 9 Grid 8
2696
2697%%Page: 1 1
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3498%I f *-times-medium-r-normal--10-*-75-*
3499Times-Roman 10 SetF
3500%I t
3501[ 1 0 0 1 313.5 673 ] concat
3502%I
3503[
3504(General Registers)
3505] Text
3506End
3507
3508Begin %I Text
3509%I cfg Black
35100 0 0 SetCFg
3511%I f *-times-medium-r-normal--10-*-75-*
3512Times-Roman 10 SetF
3513%I t
3514[ 1 0 0 1 306 594 ] concat
3515%I
3516[
3517(Double Floating Point Registers)
3518] Text
3519End
3520
3521Begin %I Text
3522%I cfg Black
35230 0 0 SetCFg
3524%I f *-times-medium-r-normal--10-*-75-*
3525Times-Roman 10 SetF
3526%I t
3527[ 1 0 0 1 308 548 ] concat
3528%I
3529[
3530(Single Floating Point Registers)
3531] Text
3532End
3533
3534Begin %I Line
3535%I b 65535
35361 0 0 [] 0 SetB
3537%I cfg Black
35380 0 0 SetCFg
3539%I cbg White
35401 1 1 SetCBg
3541none SetP %I p n
3542%I t
3543[ 1 0 0 1 97 182 ] concat
3544%I
35457 180 499 180 Line
3546End
3547
3548Begin %I Line
3549%I b 65535
35501 0 0 [] 0 SetB
3551%I cfg Black
35520 0 0 SetCFg
3553%I cbg White
35541 1 1 SetCBg
3555none SetP %I p n
3556%I t
3557[ 1 0 0 1 97 56 ] concat
3558%I
35597 180 499 180 Line
3560End
3561
3562Begin %I Text
3563%I cfg Black
35640 0 0 SetCFg
3565%I f *-helvetica-bold-r-normal--12-*-75-*
3566Helvetica-Bold 12 SetF
3567%I t
3568[ 1 0 0 1 302 355 ] concat
3569%I
3570[
3571(Data Segments)
3572] Text
3573End
3574
3575Begin %I Text
3576%I cfg Black
35770 0 0 SetCFg
3578%I f *-helvetica-bold-r-normal--14-*-75-*
3579Helvetica-Bold 14 SetF
3580%I t
3581[ 1 0 0 1 21.0001 302 ] concat
3582%I
3583[
3584(Data and)
3585(Stack)
3586(Segments)
3587] Text
3588End
3589
3590Begin %I Text
3591%I cfg Black
35920 0 0 SetCFg
3593%I f *-courier-medium-r-normal--10-*-75-*
3594Courier 10 SetF
3595%I t
3596[ 1 0 0 1 112 449 ] concat
3597%I
3598[
3599([0x00400000] 0x8fa40000 lw R4, 0\(R29\) [])
3600([0x00400004] 0x27a50004 addiu R5, R29, 4 [])
3601([0x00400008] 0x24a60004 addiu R6, R5, 4 [])
3602([0x0040000c] 0x00041090 sll R2, R4, 2)
3603([0x00400010] 0x00c23021 addu R6, R6, R2)
3604([0x00400014] 0x0c000000 jal 0x00000000 [])
3605([0x00400018] 0x3402000a ori R0, R0, 10 [])
3606([0x0040001c] 0x0000000c syscall)
3607] Text
3608End
3609
3610Begin %I Text
3611%I cfg Black
36120 0 0 SetCFg
3613%I f *-courier-medium-r-normal--10-*-75-*
3614Courier 10 SetF
3615%I t
3616[ 1 0 0 1 112 333 ] concat
3617%I
3618[
3619([0x10000000]...[0x10010000] 0x00000000)
3620([0x10010004] 0x74706563 0x206e6f69 0x636f2000)
3621([0x10010010] 0x72727563 0x61206465 0x6920646e 0x726f6e67)
3622([0x10010020] 0x000a6465 0x495b2020 0x7265746e 0x74707572)
3623([0x10010030] 0x0000205d 0x20200000 0x616e555b 0x6e67696c)
3624([0x10010040] 0x61206465 0x65726464 0x69207373 0x6e69206e)
3625([0x10010050] 0x642f7473 0x20617461 0x63746566 0x00205d68)
3626([0x10010060] 0x555b2020 0x696c616e 0x64656e67 0x64646120)
3627([0x10010070] 0x73736572 0x206e6920 0x726f7473 0x00205d65)
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3629End
3630
3631End %I eop
3632
3633showpage
3634
3635%%Trailer
3636
3637end
3638
3639%%EndDocument
3640
3641 endTexFig
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3704eop
3705%%Page: 7 7
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3722(in)e(double-quotes)h(\()p Fk(")p Fu(\).)41 b(Sp)s(ecial)28
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3764eop
3765%%Page: 8 8
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3795Fe($v0)p Fx(\))p 3597 1027 V 329 1126 V 381 1096 a(exit)p
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3797V 329 1226 V 381 1196 a(prin)n(t)p 564 1196 25 4 v 30
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3802V 432 w(c)n(har)f(\(in)i Fe($v0)p Fx(\))p 2909 1326 V
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3807b(<addr>)302 2271 y Fu(The)40 b(follo)m(wing)e(data)i(items)g(should)e
3808(b)s(e)h(stored)h(in)e(the)i(k)m(ernel)g(data)g(segmen)m(t.)70
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3811(eginning)c(at)32 b(address)d Fl(addr)10 b Fu(.)120 2572
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3813(put)f(in)f(the)i(k)m(ernel)f(text)i(segmen)m(t.)63 b(In)37
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3815y(instructions)e(or)h(w)m(ords)g(\(see)i(the)e Fk(.word)g
3816Fu(directiv)m(e)g(b)s(elo)m(w\).)58 b(If)36 b(the)h(optional)f(argumen)
3817m(t)h Fl(addr)48 b Fu(is)302 2911 y(presen)m(t,)31 b(the)g(items)e(are)
3818i(stored)g(b)s(eginning)c(at)k(address)f Fl(addr)10 b
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4058/Helvetica reencodeISO def
4059
4060/arrowHeight 8 def
4061/arrowWidth 4 def
4062/none null def
4063/numGraphicParameters 17 def
4064/stringLimit 65535 def
4065
4066/Begin {
4067save
4068numGraphicParameters dict begin
4069} def
4070
4071/End {
4072end
4073restore
4074} def
4075
4076/SetB {
4077dup type /nulltype eq {
4078pop
4079false /brushRightArrow idef
4080false /brushLeftArrow idef
4081true /brushNone idef
4082} {
4083/brushDashOffset idef
4084/brushDashArray idef
40850 ne /brushRightArrow idef
40860 ne /brushLeftArrow idef
4087/brushWidth idef
4088false /brushNone idef
4089} ifelse
4090} def
4091
4092/SetCFg {
4093/fgblue idef
4094/fggreen idef
4095/fgred idef
4096} def
4097
4098/SetCBg {
4099/bgblue idef
4100/bggreen idef
4101/bgred idef
4102} def
4103
4104/SetF {
4105/printSize idef
4106/printFont idef
4107} def
4108
4109/SetP {
4110dup type /nulltype eq {
4111pop true /patternNone idef
4112} {
4113dup -1 eq {
4114/patternGrayLevel idef
4115/patternString idef
4116} {
4117/patternGrayLevel idef
4118} ifelse
4119false /patternNone idef
4120} ifelse
4121} def
4122
4123/BSpl {
41240 begin
4125storexyn
4126newpath
4127n 1 gt {
41280 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 true subspline
4129n 2 gt {
41300 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 false subspline
41311 1 n 3 sub {
4132/i exch def
4133i 1 sub dup i dup i 1 add dup i 2 add dup false subspline
4134} for
4135n 3 sub dup n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 2 copy false subspline
4136} if
4137n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 2 copy 2 copy false subspline
4138patternNone not brushLeftArrow not brushRightArrow not and and { ifill } if
4139brushNone not { istroke } if
41400 0 1 1 leftarrow
4141n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup rightarrow
4142} if
4143end
4144} dup 0 4 dict put def
4145
4146/Circ {
4147newpath
41480 360 arc
4149patternNone not { ifill } if
4150brushNone not { istroke } if
4151} def
4152
4153/CBSpl {
41540 begin
4155dup 2 gt {
4156storexyn
4157newpath
4158n 1 sub dup 0 0 1 1 2 2 true subspline
41591 1 n 3 sub {
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4161i 1 sub dup i dup i 1 add dup i 2 add dup false subspline
4162} for
4163n 3 sub dup n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 0 0 false subspline
4164n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup 0 0 1 1 false subspline
4165patternNone not { ifill } if
4166brushNone not { istroke } if
4167} {
4168Poly
4169} ifelse
4170end
4171} dup 0 4 dict put def
4172
4173/Elli {
41740 begin
4175newpath
41764 2 roll
4177translate
4178scale
41790 0 1 0 360 arc
4180patternNone not { ifill } if
4181brushNone not { istroke } if
4182end
4183} dup 0 1 dict put def
4184
4185/Line {
41860 begin
41872 storexyn
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4190x 1 get y 1 get lineto
4191brushNone not { istroke } if
41920 0 1 1 leftarrow
41930 0 1 1 rightarrow
4194end
4195} dup 0 4 dict put def
4196
4197/MLine {
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4200newpath
4201n 1 gt {
4202x 0 get y 0 get moveto
42031 1 n 1 sub {
4204/i exch def
4205x i get y i get lineto
4206} for
4207patternNone not brushLeftArrow not brushRightArrow not and and { ifill } if
4208brushNone not { istroke } if
42090 0 1 1 leftarrow
4210n 2 sub dup n 1 sub dup rightarrow
4211} if
4212end
4213} dup 0 4 dict put def
4214
4215/Poly {
42163 1 roll
4217newpath
4218moveto
4219-1 add
4220{ lineto } repeat
4221closepath
4222patternNone not { ifill } if
4223brushNone not { istroke } if
4224} def
4225
4226/Rect {
42270 begin
4228/t exch def
4229/r exch def
4230/b exch def
4231/l exch def
4232newpath
4233l b moveto
4234l t lineto
4235r t lineto
4236r b lineto
4237closepath
4238patternNone not { ifill } if
4239brushNone not { istroke } if
4240end
4241} dup 0 4 dict put def
4242
4243/Text {
4244ishow
4245} def
4246
4247/idef {
4248dup where { pop pop pop } { exch def } ifelse
4249} def
4250
4251/ifill {
42520 begin
4253gsave
4254patternGrayLevel -1 ne {
4255fgred bgred fgred sub patternGrayLevel mul add
4256fggreen bggreen fggreen sub patternGrayLevel mul add
4257fgblue bgblue fgblue sub patternGrayLevel mul add setrgbcolor
4258eofill
4259} {
4260eoclip
4261originalCTM setmatrix
4262pathbbox /t exch def /r exch def /b exch def /l exch def
4263/w r l sub ceiling cvi def
4264/h t b sub ceiling cvi def
4265/imageByteWidth w 8 div ceiling cvi def
4266/imageHeight h def
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4268eofill
4269fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor
4270w 0 gt h 0 gt and {
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4272w h true [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] { patternproc } imagemask
4273} if
4274} ifelse
4275grestore
4276end
4277} dup 0 8 dict put def
4278
4279/istroke {
4280gsave
4281brushDashOffset -1 eq {
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42831 setgray
4284} {
4285brushDashArray brushDashOffset setdash
4286fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor
4287} ifelse
4288brushWidth setlinewidth
4289originalCTM setmatrix
4290stroke
4291grestore
4292} def
4293
4294/ishow {
42950 begin
4296gsave
4297fgred fggreen fgblue setrgbcolor
4298printFont printSize scalefont setfont
4299/descender 0 printFont /FontBBox get 1 get printFont /FontMatrix
4300get transform exch pop def
4301/vertoffset 1 printSize sub descender sub def {
43020 vertoffset moveto show
4303/vertoffset vertoffset printSize sub def
4304} forall
4305grestore
4306end
4307} dup 0 2 dict put def
4308
4309/patternproc {
43100 begin
4311/patternByteLength patternString length def
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4314/patternByteWidth patternWidth 8 idiv def
4315/imageByteMaxLength imageByteWidth imageHeight mul
4316stringLimit patternByteWidth sub min def
4317/imageMaxHeight imageByteMaxLength imageByteWidth idiv patternHeight idiv
4318patternHeight mul patternHeight max def
4319/imageHeight imageHeight imageMaxHeight sub store
4320/imageString imageByteWidth imageMaxHeight mul patternByteWidth add string def
43210 1 imageMaxHeight 1 sub {
4322/y exch def
4323/patternRow y patternByteWidth mul patternByteLength mod def
4324/patternRowString patternString patternRow patternByteWidth getinterval def
4325/imageRow y imageByteWidth mul def
43260 patternByteWidth imageByteWidth 1 sub {
4327/x exch def
4328imageString imageRow x add patternRowString putinterval
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4330} for
4331imageString
4332end
4333} dup 0 12 dict put def
4334
4335/min {
4336dup 3 2 roll dup 4 3 roll lt { exch } if pop
4337} def
4338
4339/max {
4340dup 3 2 roll dup 4 3 roll gt { exch } if pop
4341} def
4342
4343/arrowhead {
43440 begin
4345transform originalCTM itransform
4346/taily exch def
4347/tailx exch def
4348transform originalCTM itransform
4349/tipy exch def
4350/tipx exch def
4351/dy tipy taily sub def
4352/dx tipx tailx sub def
4353/angle dx 0 ne dy 0 ne or { dy dx atan } { 90 } ifelse def
4354gsave
4355originalCTM setmatrix
4356tipx tipy translate
4357angle rotate
4358newpath
43590 0 moveto
4360arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div lineto
4361arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div neg lineto
4362closepath
4363patternNone not {
4364originalCTM setmatrix
4365/padtip arrowHeight 2 exp 0.25 arrowWidth 2 exp mul add sqrt brushWidth mul
4366arrowWidth div def
4367/padtail brushWidth 2 div def
4368tipx tipy translate
4369angle rotate
4370padtip 0 translate
4371arrowHeight padtip add padtail add arrowHeight div dup scale
4372arrowheadpath
4373ifill
4374} if
4375brushNone not {
4376originalCTM setmatrix
4377tipx tipy translate
4378angle rotate
4379arrowheadpath
4380istroke
4381} if
4382grestore
4383end
4384} dup 0 9 dict put def
4385
4386/arrowheadpath {
4387newpath
43880 0 moveto
4389arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div lineto
4390arrowHeight neg arrowWidth 2 div neg lineto
4391closepath
4392} def
4393
4394/leftarrow {
43950 begin
4396y exch get /taily exch def
4397x exch get /tailx exch def
4398y exch get /tipy exch def
4399x exch get /tipx exch def
4400brushLeftArrow { tipx tipy tailx taily arrowhead } if
4401end
4402} dup 0 4 dict put def
4403
4404/rightarrow {
44050 begin
4406y exch get /tipy exch def
4407x exch get /tipx exch def
4408y exch get /taily exch def
4409x exch get /tailx exch def
4410brushRightArrow { tipx tipy tailx taily arrowhead } if
4411end
4412} dup 0 4 dict put def
4413
4414/midpoint {
44150 begin
4416/y1 exch def
4417/x1 exch def
4418/y0 exch def
4419/x0 exch def
4420x0 x1 add 2 div
4421y0 y1 add 2 div
4422end
4423} dup 0 4 dict put def
4424
4425/thirdpoint {
44260 begin
4427/y1 exch def
4428/x1 exch def
4429/y0 exch def
4430/x0 exch def
4431x0 2 mul x1 add 3 div
4432y0 2 mul y1 add 3 div
4433end
4434} dup 0 4 dict put def
4435
4436/subspline {
44370 begin
4438/movetoNeeded exch def
4439y exch get /y3 exch def
4440x exch get /x3 exch def
4441y exch get /y2 exch def
4442x exch get /x2 exch def
4443y exch get /y1 exch def
4444x exch get /x1 exch def
4445y exch get /y0 exch def
4446x exch get /x0 exch def
4447x1 y1 x2 y2 thirdpoint
4448/p1y exch def
4449/p1x exch def
4450x2 y2 x1 y1 thirdpoint
4451/p2y exch def
4452/p2x exch def
4453x1 y1 x0 y0 thirdpoint
4454p1x p1y midpoint
4455/p0y exch def
4456/p0x exch def
4457x2 y2 x3 y3 thirdpoint
4458p2x p2y midpoint
4459/p3y exch def
4460/p3x exch def
4461movetoNeeded { p0x p0y moveto } if
4462p1x p1y p2x p2y p3x p3y curveto
4463end
4464} dup 0 17 dict put def
4465
4466/storexyn {
4467/n exch def
4468/y n array def
4469/x n array def
4470n 1 sub -1 0 {
4471/i exch def
4472y i 3 2 roll put
4473x i 3 2 roll put
4474} for
4475} def
4476
4477%%EndProlog
4478
4479%I Idraw 9 Grid 8
4480
4481%%Page: 1 1
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5957
5958%%EndProlog
5959
5960%%BeginIdrawPrologue
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6030%%EndIdrawPrologue
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7254Fm(2.2)112 b(Byte)37 b(Order)75 5007 y Fu(Pro)s(cessors)27
7255b(can)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(the)h(b)m(ytes)g(within)d(a)j(w)m(ord)f(to)i
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7258b(The)42 b(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)h(used)e(b)m(y)h(a)g(mac)m(hine)g(is)f
7259(its)g Fl(byte)i(or)-5 b(der)10 b Fu(.)77 b(MIPS)75 5233
7260y(pro)s(cessors)30 b(can)h(op)s(erate)g(with)e(either)g
7261Fl(big-endian)38 b Fu(b)m(yte)31 b(order:)1920 5656 y(12)p
7262eop
7263%%Page: 13 13
726413 12 bop 1795 86 a Fi(Byte)35 b(#)p 1675 123 581 4 v
72651673 236 4 113 v 1725 202 a Fu(0)p 1818 236 V 100 w(1)p
72661963 236 V 100 w(2)p 2108 236 V 100 w(3)p 2254 236 V
72671675 240 581 4 v 75 380 a(or)30 b Fl(little-endian)39
7268b Fu(b)m(yte)31 b(order:)1795 555 y Fi(Byte)k(#)p 1675
7269592 V 1673 705 4 113 v 1725 671 a Fu(3)p 1818 705 V 100
7270w(2)p 1963 705 V 100 w(1)p 2108 705 V 100 w(0)p 2254
7271705 V 1675 708 581 4 v 75 849 a(SPIM)h(op)s(erates)h(with)e(b)s(oth)h
7272(b)m(yte)h(orders.)59 b(SPIM's)36 b(b)m(yte)h(order)f(is)f(determined)h
7273(b)m(y)g(the)h(b)m(yte)g(order)f(of)75 962 y(the)c(underlying)d(hardw)m
7274(are)i(running)e(the)j(sim)m(ulator.)44 b(On)31 b(a)i(DECstation)f
7275(3100,)i(SPIM)d(is)g(little-endian,)75 1075 y(while)d(on)j(a)f(HP)h
7276(Bob)s(cat,)g(Sun)e(4)i(or)f(PC/R)-8 b(T,)31 b(SPIM)f(is)f(big-endian.)
727775 1317 y Fm(2.3)112 b(Addressing)38 b(Mo)s(des)75 1489
7278y Fu(MIPS)h(is)g(a)h(load/store)h(arc)m(hitecture,)i(whic)m(h)38
7279b(means)i(that)g(only)f(load)g(and)h(store)g(instructions)e(access)75
72801602 y(memory)-8 b(.)83 b(Computation)44 b(instructions)e(op)s(erate)j
7281(only)e(on)i(v)-5 b(alues)43 b(in)h(registers.)82 b(The)44
7282b(bare)g(mac)m(hine)75 1715 y(pro)m(vides)g(only)g(one)h(memory)g
7283(addressing)e(mo)s(de:)69 b Fk(c\(rx\))p Fu(,)48 b(whic)m(h)43
7284b(uses)i(the)g(sum)f(of)h(the)g(immediate)75 1828 y(\(in)m(teger\))39
7285b Fk(c)f Fu(and)g(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e(register)g
7286Fk(rx)g Fu(as)g(the)g(address.)64 b(The)37 b(virtual)g(mac)m(hine)h
7287(pro)m(vides)f(the)75 1941 y(follo)m(wing)29 b(addressing)g(mo)s(des)g
7288(for)h(load)g(and)g(store)h(instructions:)p 309 2039
72893313 4 v 307 2139 4 100 v 657 2109 a Ff(F)-8 b(ormat)p
72901305 2139 V 1305 2139 V 1045 w(Address)31 b(Computation)p
72913620 2139 V 309 2142 3313 4 v 309 2159 V 307 2258 4 100
7292v 359 2228 a Fx(\(register\))p 1305 2258 V 664 w(con)n(ten)n(ts)c(of)g
7293(register)p 3620 2258 V 307 2358 V 359 2328 a(imm)p 1305
72942358 V 837 w(immediate)p 3620 2358 V 307 2458 V 359 2428
7295a(imm)h(\(register\))p 1305 2458 V 475 w(immediate)g(+)f(con)n(ten)n
7296(ts)g(of)g(register)p 3620 2458 V 307 2557 V 359 2527
7297a(sym)n(b)r(ol)p 1305 2557 V 741 w(address)f(of)i(sym)n(b)r(ol)p
72983620 2557 V 307 2657 V 359 2627 a(sym)n(b)r(ol)f Fc(\006)g
7299Fx(imm)p 1305 2657 V 461 w(address)f(of)i(sym)n(b)r(ol)f(+)g(or)g
7300Fc(\000)g Fx(immediate)p 3620 2657 V 307 2756 V 359 2727
7301a(sym)n(b)r(ol)g Fc(\006)g Fx(imm)h(\(register\))p 1305
73022756 V 99 w(address)e(of)i(sym)n(b)r(ol)f(+)g(or)g Fc(\000)g
7303Fx(\(immediate)h(+)f(con)n(ten)n(ts)g(of)h(register\))p
73043620 2756 V 309 2760 3313 4 v 216 2901 a Fu(Most)35 b(load)f(and)f
7305(store)i(instructions)c(op)s(erate)k(only)e(on)h(aligned)f(data.)52
7306b(A)34 b(quan)m(tit)m(y)g(is)f Fl(aligne)-5 b(d)45 b
7307Fu(if)33 b(its)75 3013 y(memory)g(address)f(is)g(a)h(m)m(ultiple)d(of)j
7308(its)f(size)h(in)f(b)m(ytes.)48 b(Therefore,)34 b(a)f(halfw)m(ord)e(ob)
73095 b(ject)34 b(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)f(stored)75 3126 y(at)i(ev)m(en)h
7310(addresses)e(and)g(a)h(full)e(w)m(ord)h(ob)5 b(ject)34
7311b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(stored)h(at)g(addresses)g(that)g(are)g(a)g(m)m
7312(ultiple)d(of)j(4.)75 3239 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)f(MIPS)d(pro)m(vides)f
7313(some)i(instructions)d(for)i(manipulating)e(unaligned)g(data.)75
73143482 y Fm(2.4)112 b(Arithmetic)34 b(and)39 b(Logical)d(Instructions)75
73153653 y Fu(In)28 b(all)f(instructions)g(b)s(elo)m(w,)h
7316Fk(Src2)g Fu(can)g(either)g(b)s(e)g(a)h(register)g(or)f(an)h(immediate)
7317f(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(\(a)h(16)g(bit)f(in)m(teger\).)75
73183766 y(The)38 b(immediate)h(forms)f(of)h(the)g(instructions)e(are)i
7319(only)g(included)d(for)j(reference.)67 b(The)38 b(assem)m(bler)h(will)
732075 3879 y(translate)j(the)g(more)g(general)g(form)g(of)g(an)g
7321(instruction)d(\(e.g.,)47 b Fk(add)p Fu(\))42 b(in)m(to)f(the)i
7322(immediate)e(form)g(\(e.g.,)75 3992 y Fk(addi)p Fu(\))30
7323b(if)f(the)h(second)h(argumen)m(t)g(is)e(constan)m(t.)75
73244200 y Fk(abs)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc)2407 b Fl(A)n(bsolute)32
7325b(V)-7 b(alue)3819 4167 y Fb(y)75 4313 y Fu(Put)30 b(the)h(absolute)f
7326(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(the)h(in)m(teger)f(from)g(register)h
7327Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(in)g(register)h Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 4521
7328y Fk(add)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1757 b Fl(A)-5 b(ddition)33
7329b(\(with)h(over\015ow\))75 4634 y Fk(addi)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Imm)
73301310 b Fl(A)-5 b(ddition)34 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)34 b(\(with)g
7331(over\015ow\))75 4747 y Fk(addu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1583
7332b Fl(A)-5 b(ddition)34 b(\(without)g(over\015ow\))75
73334860 y Fk(addiu)46 b(Rdest,)g(Rsrc1,)h(Imm)1137 b Fl(A)-5
7334b(ddition)34 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)34 b(\(without)g(over\015ow\))75
73354973 y Fu(Put)c(the)h(sum)e(of)i(the)f(in)m(tegers)h(from)f(register)g
7336Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(and)h Fk(Src2)f Fu(\(or)i Fk(Imm)p Fu(\))e(in)m(to)i
7337(register)f Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 5181 y Fk(and)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g
7338(Src2)2525 b Fl(AND)75 5294 y Fk(andi)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Imm)2079
7339b Fl(AND)31 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)75 5407 y Fu(Put)30 b(the)g(logical)g
7340(AND)g(of)h(the)f(in)m(tegers)g(from)g(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)f
7341Fu(and)g Fk(Src2)g Fu(\(or)i Fk(Imm)p Fu(\))e(in)m(to)h(register)g
7342Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)1920 5656 y(13)p eop
7343%%Page: 14 14
734414 13 bop 75 99 a Fk(div)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Rsrc2)2412 b Fl(Divide)32
7345b(\(signe)-5 b(d\))75 211 y Fk(divu)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Rsrc2)2264
7346b Fl(Divide)32 b(\(unsigne)-5 b(d\))75 324 y Fu(Divide)30
7347b(the)h(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)g(the)f(t)m(w)m(o)h(registers.)42
7348b Fk(divu)30 b Fu(treats)i(is)e(op)s(erands)f(as)i(unsigned)e(v)-5
7349b(alues.)42 b(Lea)m(v)m(e)33 b(the)75 437 y(quotien)m(t)i(in)f
7350(register)i Fk(lo)e Fu(and)h(the)g(remainder)f(in)g(register)h
7351Fk(hi)p Fu(.)55 b(Note)37 b(that)f(if)e(an)h(op)s(erand)f(is)g(negativ)
7352m(e,)75 550 y(the)h(remainder)e(is)g(unsp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)j(the)f
7353(MIPS)g(arc)m(hitecture)i(and)e(dep)s(ends)e(on)j(the)f(con)m(v)m(en)m
7354(tions)i(of)f(the)75 663 y(mac)m(hine)30 b(on)g(whic)m(h)f(SPIM)h(is)g
7355(run.)75 869 y Fk(div)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1471
7356b Fl(Divide)32 b(\(signe)-5 b(d,)34 b(with)f(over\015ow\))3819
7357836 y Fb(y)75 981 y Fk(divu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1198
7358b Fl(Divide)32 b(\(unsigne)-5 b(d,)33 b(without)h(over\015ow\))3819
7359948 y Fb(y)75 1094 y Fu(Put)d(the)h(quotien)m(t)g(of)g(the)g(in)m
7360(tegers)g(from)f(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)g Fu(and)g Fk(Src2)f
7361Fu(in)m(to)i(register)f Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)43 b Fk(divu)31
7362b Fu(treats)75 1207 y(is)e(op)s(erands)h(as)g(unsigned)e(v)-5
7363b(alues.)75 1413 y Fk(mul)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1577
7364b Fl(Multiply)33 b(\(without)h(over\015ow\))3819 1380
7365y Fb(y)75 1526 y Fk(mulo)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1654
7366b Fl(Multiply)33 b(\(with)h(over\015ow\))3819 1493 y
7367Fb(y)75 1731 y Fk(mulou)46 b(Rdest,)g(Rsrc1,)h(Src2)1214
7368b Fl(Unsigne)-5 b(d)32 b(Multiply)h(\(with)h(over\015ow\))3819
73691698 y Fb(y)75 1844 y Fu(Put)c(the)h(pro)s(duct)e(of)h(the)h(in)m
7370(tegers)f(from)g(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)e Fu(and)g Fk(Src2)h
7371Fu(in)m(to)g(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 2049 y Fk(mult)47
7372b(Rsrc1,)f(Rsrc2)2642 b Fl(Multiply)75 2162 y Fk(multu)46
7373b(Rsrc1,)g(Rsrc2)2202 b Fl(Unsigne)-5 b(d)33 b(Multiply)75
73742275 y Fu(Multiply)c(the)j(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)h
7375(registers.)44 b(Lea)m(v)m(e)34 b(the)e(lo)m(w-order)f(w)m(ord)h(of)f
7376(the)h(pro)s(duct)f(in)f(register)75 2388 y Fk(lo)g Fu(and)g(the)g
7377(high-w)m(ord)f(in)g(register)h Fk(hi)p Fu(.)75 2594
7378y Fk(neg)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc)1843 b Fl(Ne)-5 b(gate)33
7379b(V)-7 b(alue)32 b(\(with)i(over\015ow\))3819 2561 y
7380Fb(y)75 2707 y Fk(negu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc)1670 b Fl(Ne)-5
7381b(gate)33 b(V)-7 b(alue)32 b(\(without)i(over\015ow\))3819
73822674 y Fb(y)75 2819 y Fu(Put)c(the)h(negativ)m(e)g(of)g(the)f(in)m
7383(teger)h(from)f(register)g Fk(Rsrc)f Fu(in)m(to)i(register)f
7384Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 3025 y Fk(nor)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2525
7385b Fl(NOR)75 3138 y Fu(Put)30 b(the)h(logical)e(NOR)i(of)f(the)h(in)m
7386(tegers)f(from)g(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(and)h Fk(Src2)f
7387Fu(in)m(to)i(register)f Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 3343 y Fk(not)47
7388b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc)2793 b Fl(NOT)3819 3310 y Fb(y)75 3456
7389y Fu(Put)30 b(the)h(bit)m(wise)e(logical)g(negation)i(of)g(the)f(in)m
7390(teger)h(from)f(register)g Fk(Rsrc)f Fu(in)m(to)i(register)f
7391Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 3662 y Fk(or)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2641
7392b Fl(OR)75 3775 y Fk(ori)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Imm)2195
7393b Fl(OR)32 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)75 3888 y Fu(Put)30 b(the)h(logical)e(OR)h
7394(of)h(the)f(in)m(tegers)h(from)f(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)f
7395Fu(and)h Fk(Src2)f Fu(\(or)i Fk(Imm)p Fu(\))f(in)m(to)g(register)g
7396Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 4093 y Fk(rem)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2231
7397b Fl(R)-5 b(emainder)3819 4060 y Fb(y)75 4206 y Fk(remu)47
7398b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1790 b Fl(Unsigne)-5 b(d)33
7399b(R)-5 b(emainder)3819 4173 y Fb(y)75 4319 y Fu(Put)24
7400b(the)h(remainder)d(from)i(dividing)d(the)k(in)m(teger)g(in)e(register)
7401h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(b)m(y)h(the)h(in)m(teger)f(in)g Fk(Src2)f
7402Fu(in)m(to)h(register)75 4432 y Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)36 b(Note)22
7403b(that)f(if)f(an)h(op)s(erand)e(is)h(negativ)m(e,)k(the)d(remainder)e
7404(is)h(unsp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)i(the)h(MIPS)f(arc)m(hitecture)75
74054545 y(and)30 b(dep)s(ends)e(on)j(the)f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions)i(of)e
7406(the)h(mac)m(hine)f(on)g(whic)m(h)f(SPIM)h(is)f(run.)75
74074750 y Fk(rol)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2219 b Fl(R)-5
7408b(otate)35 b(L)-5 b(eft)3819 4717 y Fb(y)75 4863 y Fk(ror)47
7409b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2161 b Fl(R)-5 b(otate)35 b(R)n(ight)3819
74104830 y Fb(y)75 4976 y Fu(Rotate)30 b(the)f(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f
7411(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)e Fu(left)h(\(righ)m(t\))h(b)m(y)f(the)h(distance)
7412f(indicated)f(b)m(y)i Fk(Src2)e Fu(and)h(put)g(the)75
74135089 y(result)h(in)g(register)i Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 5294
7414y Fk(sll)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2057 b Fl(Shift)33
7415b(L)-5 b(eft)33 b(L)-5 b(o)g(gic)g(al)75 5407 y Fk(sllv)47
7416b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Rsrc2)1602 b Fl(Shift)33 b(L)-5 b(eft)33
7417b(L)-5 b(o)g(gic)g(al)34 b(V)-7 b(ariable)1920 5656 y
7418Fu(14)p eop
7419%%Page: 15 15
742015 14 bop 75 99 a Fk(sra)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1846
7421b Fl(Shift)33 b(R)n(ight)g(A)n(rithmetic)75 211 y Fk(srav)47
7422b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Rsrc2)1391 b Fl(Shift)33 b(R)n(ight)g(A)n
7423(rithmetic)f(V)-7 b(ariable)75 324 y Fk(srl)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g
7424(Src2)1999 b Fl(Shift)33 b(R)n(ight)g(L)-5 b(o)g(gic)g(al)75
7425437 y Fk(srlv)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Rsrc2)1544 b Fl(Shift)33
7426b(R)n(ight)g(L)-5 b(o)g(gic)g(al)34 b(V)-7 b(ariable)75
7427550 y Fu(Shift)31 b(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f(register)f
7428Fk(Rsrc1)g Fu(left)g(\(righ)m(t\))h(b)m(y)f(the)h(distance)f(indicated)
7429g(b)m(y)g Fk(Src2)g Fu(\()p Fk(Rsrc2)p Fu(\))g(and)75
7430663 y(put)e(the)g(result)g(in)f(register)h Fk(Rdest)p
7431Fu(.)75 852 y Fk(sub)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1772
7432b Fl(Subtr)-5 b(act)33 b(\(with)h(over\015ow\))75 965
7433y Fk(subu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1598 b Fl(Subtr)-5
7434b(act)34 b(\(without)g(over\015ow\))75 1078 y Fu(Put)c(the)h
7435(di\013erence)e(of)i(the)g(in)m(tegers)f(from)g(register)g
7436Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(and)h Fk(Src2)f Fu(in)m(to)i(register)f
7437Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 1267 y Fk(xor)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2528
7438b Fl(X)n(OR)75 1380 y Fk(xori)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Imm)2081
7439b Fl(X)n(OR)32 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)75 1493 y Fu(Put)30
7440b(the)g(logical)g(X)m(OR)h(of)f(the)g(in)m(tegers)h(from)f(register)g
7441Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(and)g Fk(Src2)g Fu(\(or)i Fk(Imm)p Fu(\))f(in)m(to)g
7442(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 1731 y Fm(2.5)112 b(Constan)m
7443(t-Manipulating)38 b(Instructions)75 1979 y Fk(li)47
7444b(Rdest,)f(imm)2458 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)34 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)3819
74451946 y Fb(y)75 2092 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(the)f(immediate)e
7446Fk(imm)h Fu(in)m(to)g(register)h Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 2281
7447y Fk(lui)47 b(Rdest,)f(imm)2209 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35
7448b(Upp)-5 b(er)33 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)75 2394 y Fu(Load)33
7449b(the)g(lo)m(w)m(er)g(halfw)m(ord)e(of)i(the)g(immediate)f
7450Fk(imm)g Fu(in)m(to)h(the)g(upp)s(er)e(halfw)m(ord)g(of)i(register)g
7451Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)46 b(The)75 2507 y(lo)m(w)m(er)31 b(bits)e(of)h(the)h
7452(register)f(are)h(set)g(to)g(0.)75 2745 y Fm(2.6)112
7453b(Comparison)37 b(Instructions)75 2917 y Fu(In)28 b(all)f(instructions)
7454g(b)s(elo)m(w,)h Fk(Src2)g Fu(can)g(either)g(b)s(e)g(a)h(register)g(or)
7455f(an)h(immediate)f(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(\(a)h(16)g(bit)f(in)m(teger\).)75
74563106 y Fk(seq)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2283 b Fl(Set)33
7457b(Equal)3819 3073 y Fb(y)75 3219 y Fu(Set)e(register)f
7458Fk(Rdest)f Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(equals)h
7459Fk(Src2)f Fu(and)h(to)h(b)s(e)f(0)g(otherwise.)75 3408
7460y Fk(sge)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1711 b Fl(Set)33
7461b(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Equal)3819 3375 y Fb(y)75
74623521 y Fk(sgeu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1270 b Fl(Set)33
7463b(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)35 b(Than)e(Equal)g(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819
74643488 y Fb(y)75 3634 y Fu(Set)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)f
7465Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(is)h(greater)h(than)f(or)h
7466(equal)f(to)h Fk(Src2)e Fu(and)h(to)h(0)f(otherwise.)75
74673823 y Fk(sgt)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1966 b Fl(Set)32
7468b(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)35 b(Than)3819 3790 y Fb(y)75 3936
7469y Fk(sgtu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1525 b Fl(Set)33
7470b(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819 3903
7471y Fb(y)75 4049 y Fu(Set)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)f Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e
7472(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(is)h(greater)h(than)f Fk(Src2)f
7473Fu(and)h(to)h(0)g(otherwise.)75 4238 y Fk(sle)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g
7474(Src2)1841 b Fl(Set)32 b(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)h(Equal)3819
74754205 y Fb(y)75 4351 y Fk(sleu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1400
7476b Fl(Set)32 b(L)-5 b(ess)34 b(Than)f(Equal)g(Unsigne)-5
7477b(d)3819 4318 y Fb(y)75 4464 y Fu(Set)31 b(register)f
7478Fk(Rdest)f Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(is)h(less)f(than)h
7479(or)h(equal)f(to)h Fk(Src2)e Fu(and)h(to)h(0)g(otherwise.)75
74804653 y Fk(slt)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2163 b Fl(Set)33
7481b(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)75 4766 y Fk(slti)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Imm)
74821717 b Fl(Set)33 b(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)g(Imme)-5 b(diate)75
74834879 y Fk(sltu)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)1722 b Fl(Set)33
7484b(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)h(Unsigne)-5 b(d)75 4992 y Fk(sltiu)46
7485b(Rdest,)g(Rsrc1,)h(Imm)1276 b Fl(Set)33 b(L)-5 b(ess)33
7486b(Than)g(Unsigne)-5 b(d)33 b(Imme)-5 b(diate)75 5105
7487y Fu(Set)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)f Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e(register)h
7488Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(is)h(less)f(than)h Fk(Src2)g Fu(\(or)g
7489Fk(Imm)p Fu(\))g(and)g(to)h(0)g(otherwise.)75 5294 y
7490Fk(sne)47 b(Rdest,)f(Rsrc1,)g(Src2)2107 b Fl(Set)32 b(Not)h(Equal)3819
74915261 y Fb(y)75 5407 y Fu(Set)e(register)f Fk(Rdest)f
7492Fu(to)i(1)g(if)e(register)h Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(is)h(not)g(equal)g(to)h
7493Fk(Src2)e Fu(and)h(to)h(0)g(otherwise.)1920 5656 y(15)p
7494eop
7495%%Page: 16 16
749616 15 bop 75 99 a Fm(2.7)112 b(Branc)m(h)38 b(and)g(Jump)f
7497(Instructions)75 270 y Fu(In)28 b(all)h(instructions)e(b)s(elo)m(w,)i
7498Fk(Src2)f Fu(can)h(either)g(b)s(e)f(a)i(register)f(or)g(an)g(immediate)
7499g(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(\(in)m(teger\).)42 b(Branc)m(h)75
7500383 y(instructions)25 b(use)h(a)h(signed)f(16-bit)h(o\013set)h
7501(\014eld;)e(hence)h(they)g(can)g(jump)f(2)2673 350 y
7502Fr(15)2761 383 y Fj(\000)13 b Fu(1)26 b Fl(instructions)36
7503b Fu(\(not)27 b(b)m(ytes\))75 496 y(forw)m(ard)j(or)g(2)565
7504463 y Fr(15)671 496 y Fu(instructions)e(bac)m(kw)m(ards.)41
7505b(The)30 b Fl(jump)36 b Fu(instruction)29 b(con)m(tains)h(a)h(26)g(bit)
7506f(address)f(\014eld.)75 708 y Fk(b)47 b(label)2630 b
7507Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(instruction)3819 675 y Fb(y)75 821
7508y Fu(Unconditionally)28 b(branc)m(h)h(to)i(the)g(instruction)d(at)k
7509(the)e(lab)s(el.)75 1034 y Fk(bc)p Fa(z)p Fk(t)47 b(label)2215
7510b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(Copr)-5 b(o)g(c)g(essor)36 b Fg(z)h
7511Fl(T)-7 b(rue)75 1147 y Fk(bc)p Fa(z)p Fk(f)47 b(label)2201
7512b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(Copr)-5 b(o)g(c)g(essor)36 b Fg(z)h
7513Fl(F)-7 b(alse)75 1260 y Fu(Conditionally)39 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)f
7514(instruction)f(at)i(the)f(lab)s(el)f(if)g(copro)s(cessor)i
7515Fg(z)t Fu('s)f(condition)f(\015ag)i(is)e(true)75 1373
7516y(\(false\).)75 1585 y Fk(beq)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)2061
7517b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Equal)75 1698 y Fu(Conditionally)21
7518b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)f(instruction)e(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)h(the)i
7519(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)e(register)g Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(equals)h
7520Fk(Src2)p Fu(.)75 1911 y Fk(beqz)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)2069
7521b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Equal)f(Zer)-5 b(o)3819 1878
7522y Fb(y)75 2024 y Fu(Conditionally)27 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g
7523(instruction)d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f
7524Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(equals)h(0.)75 2236 y Fk(bge)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)
75251421 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34
7526b(Than)g(Equal)3819 2203 y Fb(y)75 2349 y Fk(bgeu)47
7527b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1577 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(GTE)g
7528(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819 2316 y Fb(y)75 2462 y Fu(Conditionally)25
7529b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g(instruction)d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g
7530(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(register)f Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(are)i(greater)75
75312575 y(than)h(or)g(equal)g(to)h Fk(Src2)p Fu(.)75 2787
7532y Fk(bgez)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)1564 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)35
7533b(on)e(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Equal)e(Zer)-5 b(o)75
75342900 y Fu(Conditionally)28 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g(instruction)e(at)i
7535(the)g(lab)s(el)e(if)g(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f Fk(Rsrc)e
7536Fu(are)i(greater)h(than)e(or)75 3013 y(equal)f(to)h(0.)75
75373226 y Fk(bgezal)46 b(Rsrc,)g(label)1064 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34
7538b(on)f(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Equal)f(Zer)-5 b(o)33
7539b(A)n(nd)f(Link)75 3339 y Fu(Conditionally)c(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g
7540(instruction)e(at)i(the)g(lab)s(el)e(if)g(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f
7541Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(are)i(greater)h(than)e(or)75 3452 y(equal)f(to)h(0.)41
7542b(Sa)m(v)m(e)32 b(the)e(address)g(of)g(the)h(next)f(instruction)f(in)g
7543(register)h(31.)75 3664 y Fk(bgt)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1675
7544b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)35 b(Than)3819
75453631 y Fb(y)75 3777 y Fk(bgtu)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1234
7546b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)g(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Unsigne)-5
7547b(d)3819 3744 y Fb(y)75 3890 y Fu(Conditionally)25 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h
7548(the)g(instruction)d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i
7549(of)f(register)f Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(are)i(greater)75 4003
7550y(than)h Fk(Src2)p Fu(.)75 4215 y Fk(bgtz)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)1819
7551b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)35 b(Than)e(Zer)-5
7552b(o)75 4328 y Fu(Conditionally)27 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g(instruction)
7553d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f
7554Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(are)i(greater)g(than)g(0.)75 4541 y Fk(ble)47
7555b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1550 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(L)-5
7556b(ess)33 b(Than)h(Equal)3819 4508 y Fb(y)75 4654 y Fk(bleu)47
7557b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1597 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(L)-7
7558b(TE)33 b(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819 4621 y Fb(y)75 4767 y Fu(Conditionally)35
7559b(branc)m(h)i(to)h(the)g(instruction)e(at)i(the)g(lab)s(el)e(if)h(the)h
7560(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e(register)f Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(are)j(less)75
75614880 y(than)30 b(or)g(equal)g(to)h Fk(Src2)p Fu(.)75
75625092 y Fk(blez)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)1694 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34
7563b(on)f(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)h(Equal)e(Zer)-5 b(o)75 5205
7564y Fu(Conditionally)22 b(branc)m(h)j(to)i(the)f(instruction)d(at)k(the)e
7565(lab)s(el)f(if)h(the)h(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f Fk(Rsrc)e
7566Fu(are)i(less)f(than)h(or)f(equal)75 5318 y(to)31 b(0.)1920
75675656 y(16)p eop
7568%%Page: 17 17
756917 16 bop 75 99 a Fk(bgezal)46 b(Rsrc,)g(label)1064 b
7570Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Gr)-5 b(e)g(ater)34 b(Than)g(Equal)f(Zer)-5
7571b(o)33 b(A)n(nd)f(Link)75 211 y Fk(bltzal)46 b(Rsrc,)g(label)1658
7572b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)h(A)n(nd)e(Link)75
7573324 y Fu(Conditionally)27 b(branc)m(h)i(to)h(the)g(instruction)e(at)j
7574(the)f(lab)s(el)e(if)g(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e Fk(Rsrc)e
7575Fu(are)j(greater)g(or)e(equal)75 437 y(to)i(0)g(or)f(less)g(than)g(0,)h
7576(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)41 b(Sa)m(v)m(e)31 b(the)g(address)e(of)i
7577(the)f(next)h(instruction)d(in)h(register)h(31.)75 650
7578y Fk(blt)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1805 b Fl(Br)-5
7579b(anch)34 b(on)f(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)3819 617 y Fb(y)75
7580763 y Fk(bltu)47 b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1364 b Fl(Br)-5
7581b(anch)34 b(on)f(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)h(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819
7582730 y Fb(y)75 876 y Fu(Conditionally)35 b(branc)m(h)i(to)h(the)g
7583(instruction)e(at)i(the)g(lab)s(el)e(if)h(the)h(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e
7584(register)f Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(are)j(less)75 989 y(than)30
7585b Fk(Src2)p Fu(.)75 1201 y Fk(bltz)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)1948
7586b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)35 b(on)e(L)-5 b(ess)33 b(Than)g(Zer)-5
7587b(o)75 1314 y Fu(Conditionally)27 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g(instruction)
7588d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f
7589Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(are)i(less)f(than)g(0.)75 1526 y Fk(bne)47
7590b(Rsrc1,)f(Src2,)g(label)1884 b Fl(Br)-5 b(anch)34 b(on)f(Not)g(Equal)
759175 1639 y Fu(Conditionally)i(branc)m(h)j(to)g(the)h(instruction)d(at)j
7592(the)f(lab)s(el)f(if)g(the)h(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e(register)g
7593Fk(Rsrc1)f Fu(are)i(not)75 1752 y(equal)30 b(to)h Fk(Src2)p
7594Fu(.)75 1965 y Fk(bnez)47 b(Rsrc,)f(label)1892 b Fl(Br)-5
7595b(anch)34 b(on)f(Not)g(Equal)f(Zer)-5 b(o)3819 1932 y
7596Fb(y)75 2078 y Fu(Conditionally)27 b(branc)m(h)j(to)h(the)g
7597(instruction)d(at)j(the)g(lab)s(el)d(if)i(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f
7598Fk(Rsrc)e Fu(are)i(not)f(equal)g(to)h(0.)75 2290 y Fk(j)47
7599b(label)3228 b Fl(Jump)75 2403 y Fu(Unconditionally)28
7600b(jump)g(to)k(the)e(instruction)e(at)k(the)e(lab)s(el.)75
76012616 y Fk(jal)47 b(label)2745 b Fl(Jump)33 b(and)g(Link)75
76022729 y Fk(jalr)47 b(Rsrc)2396 b Fl(Jump)33 b(and)h(Link)e(R)-5
7603b(e)g(gister)75 2842 y Fu(Unconditionally)28 b(jump)h(to)j(the)f
7604(instruction)d(at)k(the)f(lab)s(el)e(or)i(whose)f(address)g(is)g(in)f
7605(register)i Fk(Rsrc)p Fu(.)41 b(Sa)m(v)m(e)75 2954 y(the)31
7606b(address)e(of)i(the)f(next)h(instruction)d(in)h(register)h(31.)75
76073167 y Fk(jr)47 b(Rsrc)2879 b Fl(Jump)33 b(R)-5 b(e)g(gister)75
76083280 y Fu(Unconditionally)28 b(jump)g(to)k(the)e(instruction)e(whose)j
7609(address)e(is)h(in)f(register)h Fk(Rsrc)p Fu(.)75 3523
7610y Fm(2.8)112 b(Load)39 b(Instructions)75 3795 y Fk(la)47
7611b(Rdest,)f(address)2374 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)34 b(A)-5
7612b(ddr)g(ess)3819 3762 y Fb(y)75 3908 y Fu(Load)31 b(computed)f
7613Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)7 b Fu(,)33 b(not)e(the)f(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)f
7614(lo)s(cation,)h(in)m(to)f(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75
76154120 y Fk(lb)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2567 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35
7616b(Byte)75 4233 y Fk(lbu)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2126 b
7617Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Unsigne)-5 b(d)33 b(Byte)75 4346
7618y Fu(Load)e(the)f(b)m(yte)h(at)g Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)40
7619b Fu(in)m(to)30 b(register)h Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)39 b(The)30
7620b(b)m(yte)h(is)e(sign-extended)h(b)m(y)g(the)h Fk(lb)p
7621Fu(,)f(but)f(not)i(the)75 4459 y Fk(lbu)p Fu(,)f(instruction.)75
76224671 y Fk(ld)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2159 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)34
7623b(Double-Wor)-5 b(d)3819 4638 y Fb(y)75 4784 y Fu(Load)31
7624b(the)f(64-bit)h(quan)m(tit)m(y)f(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)40
7625b Fu(in)m(to)31 b(registers)f Fk(Rdest)f Fu(and)h Fk(Rdest)46
7626b(+)h(1)p Fu(.)75 4997 y Fk(lh)g(Rdest,)f(address)2395
7627b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Halfwor)-5 b(d)75 5110 y Fk(lhu)47
7628b(Rdest,)f(address)1954 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Unsigne)-5
7629b(d)33 b(Halfwor)-5 b(d)75 5223 y Fu(Load)21 b(the)f(16-bit)h(quan)m
7630(tit)m(y)g(\(halfw)m(ord\))e(at)i Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)31
7631b Fu(in)m(to)20 b(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)36 b(The)20
7632b(halfw)m(ord)f(is)h(sign-extended)75 5335 y(b)m(y)30
7633b(the)h Fk(lh)p Fu(,)f(but)g(not)g(the)h Fi(lh)m(u)p
7634Fu(,)g(instruction)1920 5656 y(17)p eop
7635%%Page: 18 18
763618 17 bop 75 99 a Fk(lw)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2530 b
7637Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Wor)-5 b(d)75 211 y Fu(Load)31
7638b(the)f(32-bit)h(quan)m(tit)m(y)f(\(w)m(ord\))h(at)g
7639Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)40 b Fu(in)m(to)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)p
7640Fu(.)75 424 y Fk(lwc)p Fa(z)62 b Fk(Rdest,)47 b(address)1914
7641b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)34 b(Wor)-5 b(d)34 b(Copr)-5 b(o)g(c)g(essor)75
7642537 y Fu(Load)31 b(the)f(w)m(ord)g(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)40
7643b Fu(in)m(to)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)f Fu(of)h(copro)s(cessor)h
7644Fg(z)k Fu(\(0{3\).)75 749 y Fk(lwl)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2297
7645b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Wor)-5 b(d)34 b(L)-5 b(eft)75
7646862 y Fk(lwr)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)2239 b Fl(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35
7647b(Wor)-5 b(d)34 b(R)n(ight)75 975 y Fu(Load)29 b(the)g(left)g(\(righ)m
7648(t\))g(b)m(ytes)h(from)e(the)h(w)m(ord)g(at)g(the)h(p)s
7649(ossibly-unaligned)24 b Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)38 b Fu(in)m(to)29
7650b(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)75 1188 y Fk(ulh)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)
76511854 b Fl(Unaligne)-5 b(d)33 b(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Halfwor)-5
7652b(d)3819 1155 y Fb(y)75 1301 y Fk(ulhu)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)1413
7653b Fl(Unaligne)-5 b(d)33 b(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Halfwor)-5
7654b(d)35 b(Unsigne)-5 b(d)3819 1268 y Fb(y)75 1414 y Fu(Load)30
7655b(the)g(16-bit)h(quan)m(tit)m(y)f(\(halfw)m(ord\))f(at)i(the)f(p)s
7656(ossibly-unaligned)c Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)39 b Fu(in)m(to)30
7657b(register)g Fk(Rdest)p Fu(.)39 b(The)75 1526 y(halfw)m(ord)29
7658b(is)g(sign-extended)h(b)m(y)g(the)h Fk(ulh)p Fu(,)f(but)f(not)i(the)g
7659Fi(ulh)m(u)p Fu(,)f(instruction)75 1739 y Fk(ulw)47 b(Rdest,)f(address)
76601989 b Fl(Unaligne)-5 b(d)33 b(L)-5 b(o)g(ad)35 b(Wor)-5
7661b(d)3819 1706 y Fb(y)75 1852 y Fu(Load)31 b(the)f(32-bit)h(quan)m(tit)m
7662(y)f(\(w)m(ord\))h(at)g(the)g(p)s(ossibly-unaligned)25
7663b Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)40 b Fu(in)m(to)31 b(register)f Fk(Rdest)p
7664Fu(.)75 2095 y Fm(2.9)112 b(Store)37 b(Instructions)75
76652367 y Fk(sb)47 b(Rsrc,)g(address)2598 b Fl(Stor)-5 b(e)34
7666b(Byte)75 2480 y Fu(Store)d(the)f(lo)m(w)g(b)m(yte)h(from)f(register)g
7667Fk(Rsrc)g Fu(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)7 b Fu(.)75 2692 y
7668Fk(sd)47 b(Rsrc,)g(address)2189 b Fl(Stor)-5 b(e)34 b(Double-Wor)-5
7669b(d)3819 2659 y Fb(y)75 2805 y Fu(Store)31 b(the)f(64-bit)h(quan)m(tit)
7670m(y)f(in)g(registers)g Fk(Rsrc)f Fu(and)h Fk(Rsrc)46
7671b(+)i(1)30 b Fu(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)7 b Fu(.)75 3018
7672y Fk(sh)47 b(Rsrc,)g(address)2426 b Fl(Stor)-5 b(e)34
7673b(Halfwor)-5 b(d)75 3130 y Fu(Store)31 b(the)f(lo)m(w)g(halfw)m(ord)f
7674(from)h(register)g Fk(Rsrc)g Fu(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)7
7675b Fu(.)75 3343 y Fk(sw)47 b(Rsrc,)g(address)2561 b Fl(Stor)-5
7676b(e)34 b(Wor)-5 b(d)75 3456 y Fu(Store)31 b(the)f(w)m(ord)g(from)g
7677(register)g Fk(Rsrc)g Fu(at)h Fl(addr)-5 b(ess)7 b Fu(.)75
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7697%%Page: 19 19
769819 18 bop 75 99 a Fm(2.10)112 b(Data)38 b(Mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)f
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7762Fk(FRsrc1)p Fu(,)f Fk(FRsrc2)p Fu(,)h(and)f Fk(FRsrc)e
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7772%%Page: 20 20
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7802b(\015ag)i(true)f(if)f(the)i(\014rst)e(is)h(less)f(than)i(the)f
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7831Fk(FRdest)p Fu(.)75 4436 y Fk(l.d)47 b(FRdest,)f(address)1708
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7847%%Page: 21 21
784821 20 bop 75 99 a Fu(Compute)29 b(the)g(pro)s(duct)f(of)h(the)g
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78522304 b Fl(Ne)-5 b(gate)32 b(Double)75 537 y Fk(neg.s)46
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7856Fk(FRdest)p Fu(.)75 862 y Fk(s.d)47 b(FRdest,)f(address)1692
7857b Fl(Stor)-5 b(e)34 b(Flo)-5 b(ating)34 b(Point)f(Double)3819
7858829 y Fb(y)75 975 y Fk(s.s)47 b(FRdest,)f(address)1726
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7869Fk(FRdest)p Fu(.)75 1883 y Fm(2.12)112 b(Exception)37
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78722267 y Fu(Restore)31 b(the)g(Status)f(register.)75 2480
7873y Fk(syscall)2970 b Fl(System)33 b(Cal)5 b(l)75 2592
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7876e(b)m(y)h(SPIM.)75 2805 y Fk(break)46 b(n)3223 b Fl(Br)-5
7877b(e)g(ak)75 2918 y Fu(Cause)30 b(exception)h Fg(n)p Fu(.)40
7878b(Exception)30 b(1)h(is)e(reserv)m(ed)i(for)f(the)g(debugger.)75
78793130 y Fk(nop)3124 b Fl(No)32 b(op)-5 b(er)g(ation)75
78803243 y Fu(Do)31 b(nothing.)75 3530 y Fs(3)135 b(Memory)45
7881b(Usage)75 3733 y Fu(The)37 b(organization)h(of)g(memory)g(in)e(MIPS)i
7882(systems)f(is)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tional.)64 b(A)38 b(program's)g(address)
7883f(space)h(is)75 3846 y(comp)s(osed)30 b(of)h(three)f(parts)g(\(see)i
7884(Figure)e(5\).)216 3959 y(A)m(t)38 b(the)g(b)s(ottom)f(of)h(the)f(user)
7885g(address)f(space)i(\(0x400000\))j(is)36 b(the)h(text)i(segmen)m(t,)h
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10662b(If)32 b(it)g(is)f(zero)i(it)f(means)g(the)75 550 y(transmitter)40
10663b(is)f(still)f(busy)g(outputting)i(the)g(previous)f(c)m(haracter)i(giv)
10664m(en)f(to)h(it.)69 b(Bit)40 b(one)h(is)e(\\in)m(terrupt)75
10665663 y(enable";)d(it)e(is)f(readable)g(and)h(writable.)50
10666b(If)34 b(it)g(is)f(set)h(to)h(one,)h(then)e(an)g(in)m(terrupt)e(will)g
10667(b)s(e)h(requested)h(on)75 776 y(lev)m(el)c(one)h(whenev)m(er)f(the)h
10668(ready)f(bit)f(is)h(one.)216 889 y(The)c(\014nal)g(device)g(register)h
10669(is)f(the)h(T)-8 b(ransmitter)26 b(Data)i(Register)f(\(at)h(address)e
10670(0x\013\013000c\).)42 b(When)27 b(it)f(is)75 1002 y(written,)f(the)g
10671(lo)m(w-order)f(eigh)m(t)h(bits)e(are)i(tak)m(en)g(as)g(an)g(ASCI)s(I)d
10672(c)m(haracter)27 b(to)e(output)f(to)h(the)g(displa)m(y)-8
10673b(.)37 b(When)75 1115 y(the)28 b(T)-8 b(ransmitter)26
10674b(Data)k(Register)d(is)g(written,)g(the)h(ready)f(bit)g(in)f(the)i(T)-8
10675b(ransmitter)27 b(Con)m(trol)g(Register)h(will)75 1228
10676y(b)s(e)h(reset)i(to)g(zero.)41 b(The)30 b(bit)f(will)f(sta)m(y)j(zero)
10677g(un)m(til)d(enough)i(time)g(has)g(elapsed)f(to)i(transmit)e(the)h(c)m
10678(haracter)75 1341 y(to)c(the)g(terminal;)g(then)f(the)g(ready)h(bit)e
10679(will)f(b)s(e)i(set)h(bac)m(k)g(to)g(one)g(again.)39
10680b(The)25 b(T)-8 b(ransmitter)25 b(Data)i(Register)75
106811453 y(should)36 b(only)h(b)s(e)g(written)f(when)h(the)h(ready)g(bit)e
10682(of)i(the)g(T)-8 b(ransmitter)37 b(Con)m(trol)g(Register)h(is)f(one;)42
10683b(if)37 b(the)75 1566 y(transmitter)k(isn't)g(ready)h(then)f(writes)g
10684(to)i(the)f(T)-8 b(ransmitter)41 b(Data)i(Register)f(are)g(ignored)f
10685(\(the)i(write)75 1679 y(app)s(ears)30 b(to)h(succeed)g(but)e(the)i(c)m
10686(haracter)h(will)27 b(not)k(b)s(e)f(output\).)216 1792
10687y(In)25 b(real)g(computers)h(it)f(tak)m(es)i(time)e(to)i(send)e(c)m
10688(haracters)i(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)e(serial)g(lines)f(that)i(connect)h
10689(terminals)75 1905 y(to)g(computers.)39 b(These)26 b(time)g(lags)g(are)
10690h(sim)m(ulated)e(b)m(y)h(SPIM.)g(F)-8 b(or)27 b(example,)g(after)g(the)
10691g(transmitter)f(starts)75 2018 y(transmitting)19 b(a)i(c)m(haracter,)j
10692(the)d(transmitter's)f(ready)g(bit)g(will)e(b)s(ecome)i(zero)i(for)e(a)
10693h(while.)35 b(SPIM)20 b(measures)75 2131 y(this)30 b(time)h(in)f
10694(instructions)f(executed,)j(not)g(in)d(real)i(clo)s(c)m(k)h(time.)43
10695b(This)29 b(means)i(that)h(the)f(transmitter)g(will)75
106962244 y(not)36 b(b)s(ecome)g(ready)g(again)g(un)m(til)e(the)i(pro)s
10697(cessor)f(has)h(executed)g(a)g(certain)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h
10698(instructions.)54 b(If)75 2357 y(y)m(ou)29 b(stop)f(the)h(mac)m(hine)f
10699(and)g(lo)s(ok)g(at)h(the)g(ready)f(bit)f(using)g(SPIM,)h(it)g(will)e
10700(not)j(c)m(hange.)41 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)31 b(if)d(y)m(ou)75
107012470 y(let)i(the)h(mac)m(hine)f(run)f(then)h(the)g(bit)g(will)e(ev)m
10702(en)m(tually)i(c)m(hange)h(bac)m(k)h(to)f(one.)1920 5656
10703y(26)p eop
10704%%Trailer
10705end
10706userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
10707%%EOF
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