source: liacs/mms/project/xdo.c@ 41

/* xdo library
 *
 * $Id: xdo.c 2172 2009-03-30 02:38:06Z jordansissel $
 *
 * - getwindowfocus contributed by Lee Pumphret
 * - keysequence_{up,down} contributed by Magnus Boman
 *
 */

#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <regex.h>

#include <X11/Xlib.h>
#include <X11/Xresource.h>
#include <X11/Xutil.h>
#include <X11/extensions/XTest.h>

#include "xdo.h"
#include "xdo_util.h"

static void _xdo_populate_charcode_map(xdo_t *xdo);
static int _xdo_has_xtest(xdo_t *xdo);

static int _xdo_keycode_from_char(xdo_t *xdo, char key);
static int _xdo_get_shiftcode_if_needed(xdo_t *xdo, char key);

static void _xdo_get_child_windows(xdo_t *xdo, Window window,
                                   Window **total_window_list, 
                                   int *ntotal_windows, 
                                   int *window_list_size);

static int _xdo_keysequence_to_keycode_list(xdo_t *xdo, char *keyseq,
                                            charcodemap_t **keys, int *nkeys);
static int _xdo_keysequence_do(xdo_t *xdo, char *keyseq, int pressed);
static int _xdo_regex_match_window(xdo_t *xdo, Window window, int flags, regex_t *re);
static int _xdo_is_window_visible(xdo_t *xdo, Window wid);
static unsigned char * _xdo_getwinprop(xdo_t *xdo, Window window, Atom atom,
                                       long *nitems, Atom *type, int *size);
static int _xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo_t *xdo, const char *feature);

static int _is_success(const char *funcname, int code);

/* context-free functions */
static char _keysym_to_char(const char *keysym);

xdo_t* xdo_new(char *display_name) {
  Display *xdpy;

  if ((xdpy = XOpenDisplay(display_name)) == NULL) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error: Can't open display: %s\n", display_name);
    return NULL;
  }

  return xdo_new_with_opened_display(xdpy, display_name, 1);
}

xdo_t* xdo_new_with_opened_display(Display *xdpy, const char *display,
                                   int close_display_when_freed) {
  xdo_t *xdo = NULL;

  if (xdpy == NULL) {
    fprintf(stderr, "xdo_new: xdisplay I was given is a null pointer\n");
    return NULL;
  }

  /* XXX: Check for NULL here */
  xdo = malloc(sizeof(xdo_t));
  memset(xdo, 0, sizeof(xdo_t));

  xdo->xdpy = xdpy;
  xdo->close_display_when_freed = close_display_when_freed;

  if (display == NULL)
    display = "unknown";

  if (!_xdo_has_xtest(xdo)) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error: XTEST extension unavailable on '%s'.", 
            xdo->display_name);
    xdo_free(xdo);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* populate the character map? */
  _xdo_populate_charcode_map(xdo);

  return xdo;
}

void xdo_free(xdo_t *xdo) {
  if (xdo->display_name)
    free(xdo->display_name);
  if (xdo->charcodes)
    free(xdo->charcodes);
  if (xdo->xdpy && xdo->close_display_when_freed)
    XCloseDisplay(xdo->xdpy);
  free(xdo);
}

int xdo_window_map(xdo_t *xdo, Window wid) {
  int ret = 0;
  ret = XMapWindow(xdo->xdpy, wid);
  XFlush(xdo->xdpy);
  return _is_success("XMapWindow", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_window_unmap(xdo_t *xdo, Window wid) {
  int ret = 0;
  ret = XUnmapWindow(xdo->xdpy, wid);
  XFlush(xdo->xdpy);
  return _is_success("XUnmapWindow", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_window_list_by_regex(xdo_t *xdo, char *regex, int flags,
                              Window **windowlist, int *nwindows) {
  regex_t re;
  Window *total_window_list = NULL;
  int ntotal_windows = 0;
  int window_list_size = 0;
  int matched_window_list_size = 100;

  int ret = 0;
  int i = 0;

  ret = regcomp(&re, regex, REG_EXTENDED | REG_ICASE);
  if (ret != 0) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to compile regex: '%s'\n", regex);
    return 1;
  }

  /* Default search settings:
   * All windows (visible and hidden) and search all text pieces
   */
  if ((flags & (SEARCH_TITLE | SEARCH_CLASS | SEARCH_NAME)) == 0) {
    fprintf(stderr, "No text fields specified for regex search. \nDefaulting to"
            " window title, class, and name searching\n");
    flags |= SEARCH_TITLE | SEARCH_CLASS | SEARCH_NAME;
  }

  *nwindows = 0;
  *windowlist = malloc(matched_window_list_size * sizeof(Window));

  _xdo_get_child_windows(xdo, RootWindow(xdo->xdpy, 0),
                         &total_window_list, &ntotal_windows,
                         &window_list_size);
  for (i = 0; i < ntotal_windows; i++) {
    Window wid = total_window_list[i];
    if (flags & SEARCH_VISIBLEONLY && !_xdo_is_window_visible(xdo, wid))
      continue;
    if (!_xdo_regex_match_window(xdo, wid, flags, &re))
      continue;

    (*windowlist)[*nwindows] = wid;
    (*nwindows)++;

    if (matched_window_list_size == *nwindows) {
      matched_window_list_size *= 2;
      *windowlist = realloc(*windowlist, 
                            matched_window_list_size * sizeof(Window));
    }
  }

  regfree(&re);
  return 0;
}

int xdo_window_move(xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, int x, int y) {
  XWindowChanges wc;
  int ret = 0;
  wc.x = x;
  wc.y = y;

  ret = XConfigureWindow(xdo->xdpy, wid, CWX | CWY, &wc);
  return _is_success("XConfigureWindow", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_window_setsize(xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, int width, int height, int flags) {
  XWindowChanges wc;
  int ret = 0;
  int cw_flags = 0;

  wc.width = width;
  wc.height = height;

  if (flags & SIZE_USEHINTS) {
    XSizeHints hints;
    long supplied_return;
    memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
    XGetWMNormalHints(xdo->xdpy, wid, &hints, &supplied_return);
    if (supplied_return & PResizeInc) {
      wc.width *= hints.width_inc;
      wc.height *= hints.height_inc;
    } else {
      fprintf(stderr, "No size hints found for this window\n");
    }

    if (supplied_return & PBaseSize) {
      wc.width += hints.base_width;
      wc.height += hints.base_height;
    }

  }

  if (width > 0)
    cw_flags |= CWWidth;
  if (height > 0)
    cw_flags |= CWHeight;

  ret = XConfigureWindow(xdo->xdpy, wid, cw_flags, &wc);
  XFlush(xdo->xdpy);
  return _is_success("XConfigureWindow", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_window_focus(xdo_t *xdo, Window wid) {
  int ret = 0;
  ret = XSetInputFocus(xdo->xdpy, wid, RevertToParent, CurrentTime);
  XFlush(xdo->xdpy);
  return _is_success("XSetInputFocus", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_window_activate(xdo_t *xdo, Window wid) {
  int ret = 0;
  long desktop = 0;
  XEvent xev;
  XWindowAttributes wattr;

  if (_xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo, "_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW") == False) {
    fprintf(stderr,
            "Your windowmanager claims not to support _NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW, "
            "so the attempt to activate the window was aborted.\n");
    return 1;
  }

  /* If this window is on another desktop, let's go to that desktop first */

  if (_xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo, "_NET_WM_DESKTOP") == True
      && _xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo, "_NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP") == True) {
    xdo_get_desktop_for_window(xdo, wid, &desktop);
    xdo_set_current_desktop(xdo, desktop);
  }

  memset(&xev, 0, sizeof(xev));
  xev.type = ClientMessage;
  xev.xclient.display = xdo->xdpy;
  xev.xclient.window = wid;
  xev.xclient.message_type = XInternAtom(xdo->xdpy, "_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW", False);
  xev.xclient.format = 32;
  xev.xclient.data.l[0] = 2L; /* 2 == Message from a window pager */
  xev.xclient.data.l[1] = CurrentTime;

  XGetWindowAttributes(xdo->xdpy, wid, &wattr);
  ret = XSendEvent(xdo->xdpy, wattr.screen->root, False,
                   SubstructureNotifyMask | SubstructureRedirectMask,
                   &xev);

  /* XXX: XSendEvent returns 0 on conversion failure, nonzero otherwise.
   * Manpage says it will only generate BadWindow or BadValue errors */
  return _is_success("XSendEvent[EWMH:_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW]", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_set_number_of_desktops(xdo_t *xdo, long ndesktops) {
  /* XXX: This should support passing a screen number */
  XEvent xev;
  Window root;
  int ret = 0;

  if (_xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo, "_NET_NUMBER_OF_DESKTOPS") == False) {
    fprintf(stderr,
            "Your windowmanager claims not to support _NET_NUMBER_OF_DESKTOPS, "
            "so the attempt to change the number of desktops was aborted.\n");
    return 1;
  }

  root = RootWindow(xdo->xdpy, 0);

  memset(&xev, 0, sizeof(xev));
  xev.type = ClientMessage;
  xev.xclient.display = xdo->xdpy;
  xev.xclient.window = root;
  xev.xclient.message_type = XInternAtom(xdo->xdpy, "_NET_NUMBER_OF_DESKTOPS", 
                                         False);
  xev.xclient.format = 32;
  xev.xclient.data.l[0] = ndesktops;

  ret = XSendEvent(xdo->xdpy, root, False,
                   SubstructureNotifyMask | SubstructureRedirectMask,
                   &xev);

  return _is_success("XSendEvent[EWMH:_NET_NUMBER_OF_DESKTOPS]", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_get_number_of_desktops(xdo_t *xdo, long *ndesktops) {
  Atom type;
  int size;
  long nitems;
  unsigned char *data;
  Window root;
  Atom request;

  if (_xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo, "_NET_NUMBER_OF_DESKTOPS") == False) {
    fprintf(stderr,
            "Your windowmanager claims not to support _NET_NUMBER_OF_DESKTOPS, "
            "so the attempt to query the number of desktops was aborted.\n");
    return 1;
  }

  request = XInternAtom(xdo->xdpy, "_NET_NUMBER_OF_DESKTOPS", False);
  root = XDefaultRootWindow(xdo->xdpy);

  data = _xdo_getwinprop(xdo, root, request, &nitems, &type, &size);

  if (nitems > 0)
    *ndesktops = *((long*)data);
  else
    *ndesktops = 0;

  return _is_success("XGetWindowProperty[_NET_NUMBER_OF_DESKTOPS]",
                     *ndesktops == 0);

}

int xdo_set_current_desktop(xdo_t *xdo, long desktop) {
  /* XXX: This should support passing a screen number */
  XEvent xev;
  Window root;
  int ret = 0;

  root = RootWindow(xdo->xdpy, 0);

  if (_xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo, "_NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP") == False) {
    fprintf(stderr,
            "Your windowmanager claims not to support _NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP, "
            "so the attempt to change desktops was aborted.\n");
    return 1;
  }

  memset(&xev, 0, sizeof(xev));
  xev.type = ClientMessage;
  xev.xclient.display = xdo->xdpy;
  xev.xclient.window = root;
  xev.xclient.message_type = XInternAtom(xdo->xdpy, "_NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP", 
                                         False);
  xev.xclient.format = 32;
  xev.xclient.data.l[0] = desktop;
  xev.xclient.data.l[1] = CurrentTime;

  ret = XSendEvent(xdo->xdpy, root, False,
                   SubstructureNotifyMask | SubstructureRedirectMask,
                   &xev);

  return _is_success("XSendEvent[EWMH:_NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP]", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_get_current_desktop(xdo_t *xdo, long *desktop) {
  Atom type;
  int size;
  long nitems;
  unsigned char *data;
  Window root;

  Atom request;

  if (_xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo, "_NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP") == False) {
    fprintf(stderr,
            "Your windowmanager claims not to support _NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP, "
            "so the query for the current desktop was aborted.\n");
    return 1;
  }

  request = XInternAtom(xdo->xdpy, "_NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP", False);
  root = XDefaultRootWindow(xdo->xdpy);

  data = _xdo_getwinprop(xdo, root, request, &nitems, &type, &size);

  if (nitems > 0)
    *desktop = *((long*)data);
  else
    *desktop = -1;

  return _is_success("XGetWindowProperty[_NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP]",
                     *desktop == -1);
}

int xdo_set_desktop_for_window(xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, long desktop) {
  XEvent xev;
  int ret = 0;
  XWindowAttributes wattr;
  XGetWindowAttributes(xdo->xdpy, wid, &wattr);

  if (_xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo, "_NET_WM_DESKTOP") == False) {
    fprintf(stderr,
            "Your windowmanager claims not to support _NET_WM_DESKTOP, "
            "so the attempt to change a window's desktop location was "
            "aborted.\n");
    return 1;
  }

  memset(&xev, 0, sizeof(xev));
  xev.type = ClientMessage;
  xev.xclient.display = xdo->xdpy;
  xev.xclient.window = wid;
  xev.xclient.message_type = XInternAtom(xdo->xdpy, "_NET_WM_DESKTOP", 
                                         False);
  xev.xclient.format = 32;
  xev.xclient.data.l[0] = desktop;
  xev.xclient.data.l[1] = 2; /* indicate we are messaging from a pager */

  ret = XSendEvent(xdo->xdpy, wattr.screen->root, False,
                   SubstructureNotifyMask | SubstructureRedirectMask,
                   &xev);

  return _is_success("XSendEvent[EWMH:_NET_WM_DESKTOP]", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_get_desktop_for_window(xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, long *desktop) {
  Atom type;
  int size;
  long nitems;
  unsigned char *data;
  Atom request;

  if (_xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo, "_NET_WM_DESKTOP") == False) {
    fprintf(stderr,
            "Your windowmanager claims not to support _NET_WM_DESKTOP, "
            "so the attempt to query a window's desktop location was "
            "aborted.\n");
    return 1;
  }

  request = XInternAtom(xdo->xdpy, "_NET_WM_DESKTOP", False);

  data = _xdo_getwinprop(xdo, wid, request, &nitems, &type, &size);

  if (nitems > 0)
    *desktop = *((long*)data);
  else
    *desktop = -1;

  return _is_success("XGetWindowProperty[_NET_WM_DESKTOP]",
                     *desktop == -1);
}

int xdo_window_get_active(xdo_t *xdo, Window *window_ret) {
  Atom type;
  int size;
  long nitems;
  unsigned char *data;
  Atom request;
  Window root;

  if (_xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo, "_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW") == False) {
    fprintf(stderr,
            "Your windowmanager claims not to support _NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW, "
            "so the attempt to query the active window aborted.\n");
    return 1;
  }

  request = XInternAtom(xdo->xdpy, "_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW", False);
  root = XDefaultRootWindow(xdo->xdpy);
  data = _xdo_getwinprop(xdo, root, request, &nitems, &type, &size);

  if (nitems > 0)
    *window_ret = *((Window*)data);
  else
    *window_ret = 0;

  return _is_success("XGetWindowProperty[_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW]",
                     *window_ret == 0);
}

/* XRaiseWindow is ignored in ion3 and Gnome2. Is it even useful? */
int xdo_window_raise(xdo_t *xdo, Window wid) {
  int ret = 0;
  ret = XRaiseWindow(xdo->xdpy, wid);
  XFlush(xdo->xdpy);
  return _is_success("XRaiseWindow", ret == 0);
}

/* XXX: Include 'screen number' support? */
int xdo_mousemove(xdo_t *xdo, int x, int y)  {
  int ret = 0;
  ret = XTestFakeMotionEvent(xdo->xdpy, -1, x, y, CurrentTime);
  XFlush(xdo->xdpy);
  return _is_success("XTestFakeMotionEvent", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_mousemove_relative(xdo_t *xdo, int x, int y)  {
  int ret = 0;
  ret = XTestFakeRelativeMotionEvent(xdo->xdpy, x, y, CurrentTime);
  XFlush(xdo->xdpy);
  return _is_success("XTestFakeRelativeMotionEvent", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_mousedown(xdo_t *xdo, int button) {
  int ret = 0;
  ret = XTestFakeButtonEvent(xdo->xdpy, button, True, CurrentTime);
  XFlush(xdo->xdpy);
  return _is_success("XTestFakeButtonEvent(down)", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_mouseup(xdo_t *xdo, int button) {
  int ret = 0;
  ret = XTestFakeButtonEvent(xdo->xdpy, button, False, CurrentTime);
  XFlush(xdo->xdpy);
  return _is_success("XTestFakeButtonEvent(up)", ret == 0);
}

int xdo_mouselocation(xdo_t *xdo, int *x_ret, int *y_ret, int *screen_num_ret) {
  int ret = False;
  int x = 0, y = 0, screen_num = 0;
  int i = 0;
  Window dummy_win = 0;
  int dummy_int = 0;
  unsigned int dummy_uint = 0;
  int screencount = ScreenCount(xdo->xdpy);

  for (i = 0; i < screencount; i++) {
    Screen *screen = ScreenOfDisplay(xdo->xdpy, i);
    ret = XQueryPointer(xdo->xdpy, RootWindowOfScreen(screen),
                        &dummy_win, &dummy_win,
                        &x, &y, &dummy_int, &dummy_int, &dummy_uint);
    if (ret == True) {
      screen_num = i;
      break;
    }
  }

  if (ret == True) {
    if (x_ret != NULL) *x_ret = x;
    if (y_ret != NULL) *y_ret = y;
    if (screen_num_ret != NULL) *screen_num_ret = screen_num;
  }

  return _is_success("XQueryPointer", ret == False);

}

int xdo_click(xdo_t *xdo, int button) {
  int ret = 0;
  ret = xdo_mousedown(xdo, button);
  if (ret)
    return ret;
  ret = xdo_mouseup(xdo, button);
  return ret;
}

/* XXX: Return proper code if errors found */
int xdo_type(xdo_t *xdo, char *string) {
  int i = 0;
  char key = '0';
  int keycode = 0;
  int shiftcode = 0;

  /* XXX: Add error handling */
  for (i = 0; string[i] != '\0'; i++) {
    key = string[i];
    keycode = _xdo_keycode_from_char(xdo, key);
    shiftcode = _xdo_get_shiftcode_if_needed(xdo, key);

    if (shiftcode > 0)
      XTestFakeKeyEvent(xdo->xdpy, shiftcode, True, CurrentTime);
    XTestFakeKeyEvent(xdo->xdpy, keycode, True, CurrentTime);
    XTestFakeKeyEvent(xdo->xdpy, keycode, False, CurrentTime);
    if (shiftcode > 0)
      XTestFakeKeyEvent(xdo->xdpy, shiftcode, False, CurrentTime);

    /* XXX: Flush here or at the end? */
    XFlush(xdo->xdpy);
  }

  return 0;
}

int _xdo_keysequence_do(xdo_t *xdo, char *keyseq, int pressed) {
  int ret = 0;
  charcodemap_t *keys = NULL;
  int nkeys = 0;
  int i;
  KeyCode shiftcode;

  if (_xdo_keysequence_to_keycode_list(xdo, keyseq, &keys, &nkeys) == False) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Failure converting key sequence '%s' to keycodes\n", keyseq);
    return False;
  }

  /* If shiftcode is necessary, send shift before the key if pressed is true,
   * otherwise release the shift key after the key is released */
  for (i = 0; i < nkeys; i++) {
    shiftcode = keys[i].shift;

    if (pressed > 0 && shiftcode)
      ret += !XTestFakeKeyEvent(xdo->xdpy, shiftcode, pressed, CurrentTime);

    ret += !XTestFakeKeyEvent(xdo->xdpy, keys[i].code, pressed, CurrentTime);

    if (pressed == 0 && shiftcode)
      ret += !XTestFakeKeyEvent(xdo->xdpy, shiftcode, pressed, CurrentTime);
  }

  if (keys != NULL) {
    free(keys);
  }
  XFlush(xdo->xdpy);
  return ret;
}
  
int xdo_keysequence_down(xdo_t *xdo, char *keyseq) {
  return _xdo_keysequence_do(xdo, keyseq, True);
}

int xdo_keysequence_up(xdo_t *xdo, char *keyseq) {
  return _xdo_keysequence_do(xdo, keyseq, False);
}

int xdo_keysequence(xdo_t *xdo, char *keyseq) {
  int ret = 0;
  ret += _xdo_keysequence_do(xdo, keyseq, True);
  ret += _xdo_keysequence_do(xdo, keyseq, False);
  return ret;
}

/* Add by Lee Pumphret 2007-07-28
 * Modified slightly by Jordan Sissel */
int xdo_window_get_focus(xdo_t *xdo, Window *window_ret) {
  int ret = 0;
  int unused_revert_ret;

  ret = XGetInputFocus(xdo->xdpy, window_ret, &unused_revert_ret);
  return _is_success("XGetInputFocus", ret == 0);
}

/* Like xdo_window_get_focus, but return the first ancestor-or-self window
 * having a property of WM_CLASS. This allows you to get the "real" or
 * top-level-ish window having focus rather than something you may
 * not expect to be the window having focused. */
int xdo_window_sane_get_focus(xdo_t *xdo, Window *window_ret) {
  int done = 0;
  Window w;
  XClassHint classhint;

  /* for XQueryTree */
  Window dummy, parent, *children = NULL;
  unsigned int nchildren;

  xdo_window_get_focus(xdo, &w);

  while (!done) {
    Status s;
    s = XGetClassHint(xdo->xdpy, w, &classhint);
    //fprintf(stderr, "%d\n", s);

    if (s == 0) {
      /* Error. This window doesn't have a class hint */
      //fprintf(stderr, "no class on: %d\n", w);
      XQueryTree(xdo->xdpy, w, &dummy, &parent, &children, &nchildren);

      /* Don't care about the children, but we still need to free them */
      if (children != NULL)
        XFree(children);
      //fprintf(stderr, "parent: %d\n", parent);
      w = parent;
    } else {
      /* Must XFree the class and name items. */
      XFree(classhint.res_class);
      XFree(classhint.res_name);

      done = 1;
    }
  }

  *window_ret = w;
  return _is_success("xdo_window_sane_get_focus", w == 0);
}

/* Helper functions */
static int _xdo_keycode_from_char(xdo_t *xdo, char key) {
  int i = 0;
  int len = xdo->keycode_high - xdo->keycode_low;

  for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
    if (xdo->charcodes[i].key == key)
      return xdo->charcodes[i].code;

  return -1;
}

static int _xdo_get_shiftcode_if_needed(xdo_t *xdo, char key) {
  int i = 0;
  int len = xdo->keycode_high - xdo->keycode_low;

  for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
    if (xdo->charcodes[i].key == key)
      return xdo->charcodes[i].shift;

  return -1;
}

static int _xdo_has_xtest(xdo_t *xdo) {
  int dummy;
  return (XTestQueryExtension(xdo->xdpy, &dummy, &dummy, &dummy, &dummy) == True);
}

static void _xdo_populate_charcode_map(xdo_t *xdo) {
  /* assert xdo->display is valid */
  int keycodes_length = 0;
  int shift_keycode = 0;
  int i, j;

  XDisplayKeycodes(xdo->xdpy, &(xdo->keycode_low), &(xdo->keycode_high));

  /* Double size of keycode range because some 
   * keys have "shift" values. ie; 'a' and 'A', '2' and '@' */
  /* Add 2 to the size because the range [low, high] is inclusive */
  keycodes_length = (xdo->keycode_high - xdo->keycode_low) * 2 + 2;
  xdo->charcodes = malloc(keycodes_length * sizeof(charcodemap_t));
  memset(xdo->charcodes, 0, keycodes_length * sizeof(charcodemap_t));

  /* Fetch the keycode for Shift_L */
  /* XXX: Make 'Shift_L' configurable? */
  shift_keycode = XKeysymToKeycode(xdo->xdpy, XStringToKeysym("Shift_L"));

  for (i = xdo->keycode_low; i <= xdo->keycode_high; i++) {
    char *keybuf = 0;

    /* Index '0' in KeycodeToKeysym == no shift key
     * Index '1' in ... == shift key held
     * hence this little loop. */
    for (j = 0; j <= 1; j++) { 
     int idx = (i - xdo->keycode_low) * 2 + j;
     keybuf = XKeysymToString(XKeycodeToKeysym(xdo->xdpy, i, j));

     xdo->charcodes[idx].key = _keysym_to_char(keybuf);
     xdo->charcodes[idx].code = i;
     xdo->charcodes[idx].shift = j ? shift_keycode : 0;
    }
  }
}

/* context-free functions */
char _keysym_to_char(const char *keysym) {
  int i;

  if (keysym == NULL)
    return -1;

  /* keysymcharmap comes from xdo_util.h */
  for (i = 0; keysymcharmap[i].keysym; i++) {
    if (!strcmp(keysymcharmap[i].keysym, keysym))
      return keysymcharmap[i].key;
  }

  if (strlen(keysym) == 1)
    return keysym[0];

  return -1;
}

  /* regexec(&re, string, 0, NULL, 0) == 0 means MATCH */

static void _xdo_get_child_windows(xdo_t *xdo, Window window,
                                   Window **total_window_list, 
                                   int *ntotal_windows,
                                   int *window_list_size) {
  Window dummy;
  Window *children;
  unsigned int i, nchildren;

  if (*window_list_size == 0) {
    *ntotal_windows = 0;
    *window_list_size = 100;
    *total_window_list = malloc(*window_list_size * sizeof(Window));
  }

  if (!XQueryTree(xdo->xdpy, window, &dummy, &dummy, &children, &nchildren))
    return;

  for (i = 0; i < nchildren; i++) {
    Window w = children[i];
    (*total_window_list)[*ntotal_windows] = w;
    *ntotal_windows += 1;
    if (*ntotal_windows == *window_list_size) {
      *window_list_size *= 2;
      *total_window_list = realloc(*total_window_list,
                                   *window_list_size * sizeof(Window));
    }
    _xdo_get_child_windows(xdo, w, total_window_list,
                           ntotal_windows, window_list_size);
  }

  XFree(children);
}

int _xdo_keysequence_to_keycode_list(xdo_t *xdo, char *keyseq,
                                     charcodemap_t **keys, int *nkeys) {
  char *tokctx = NULL;
  const char *tok = NULL;
  char *keyseq_copy = NULL, *strptr = NULL;
  int i;
  KeyCode shift_keycode;
  
  /* Array of keys to press, in order given by keyseq */
  int keys_size = 10;
  *nkeys = 0;

  if (strcspn(keyseq, " \t\n.-[]{}\\|") != strlen(keyseq)) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error: Invalid key sequence '%s'\n", keyseq);
    return False;
  }

  shift_keycode = XKeysymToKeycode(xdo->xdpy, XStringToKeysym("Shift_L"));

  *keys = malloc(keys_size * sizeof(charcodemap_t));
  keyseq_copy = strptr = strdup(keyseq);
  while ((tok = strtok_r(strptr, "+", &tokctx)) != NULL) {
    KeySym sym;
    KeyCode key;

    if (strptr != NULL)
      strptr = NULL;

    /* Check if 'tok' (string keysym) is an alias to another key */
    /* symbol_map comes from xdo.util */
    for (i = 0; symbol_map[i] != NULL; i+=2)
      if (!strcasecmp(tok, symbol_map[i]))
        tok = symbol_map[i + 1];

    sym = XStringToKeysym(tok);
    if (sym == NoSymbol) {
      fprintf(stderr, "(symbol) No such key name '%s'. Ignoring it.\n", tok);
      continue;
    }

    key = XKeysymToKeycode(xdo->xdpy, sym);
    (*keys)[*nkeys].code = key;
    if (XKeycodeToKeysym(xdo->xdpy, key, 0) == sym) {
      (*keys)[*nkeys].shift = 0;
    } else  {
      (*keys)[*nkeys].shift = shift_keycode;
    }

    if ((*keys)[*nkeys].code == 0) {
      fprintf(stderr, "No such key '%s'. Ignoring it.\n", tok);
      continue;
    }

    (*nkeys)++;
    if (*nkeys == keys_size) {
      keys_size *= 2;
      *keys = realloc(*keys, keys_size * sizeof(KeyCode));
    }
  }

  free(keyseq_copy);

  return True;
}

int _xdo_regex_match_window(xdo_t *xdo, Window window, int flags, regex_t *re) {
  XWindowAttributes attr;
  XTextProperty tp;
  XClassHint classhint;
  int i;

  XGetWindowAttributes(xdo->xdpy, window, &attr);

  /* XXX: Memory leak here according to valgrind? */
  XGetWMName(xdo->xdpy, window, &tp);

  if (flags & SEARCH_TITLE) {
    if (tp.nitems > 0) {
      int count = 0;
      char **list = NULL;
      XmbTextPropertyToTextList(xdo->xdpy, &tp, &list, &count);
      for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        if (regexec(re, list[i], 0, NULL, 0) == 0) {
          XFreeStringList(list);
          return True;
        }
        XFreeStringList(list);
      }
    }
  }

  if (XGetClassHint(xdo->xdpy, window, &classhint)) {
    if ((flags & SEARCH_NAME) && classhint.res_name) {
      if (regexec(re, classhint.res_name, 0, NULL, 0) == 0) {
        XFree(classhint.res_name);
        XFree(classhint.res_class);
        return True;
      }
      XFree(classhint.res_name);
    }
    if ((flags & SEARCH_CLASS) && classhint.res_class) {
      if (regexec(re, classhint.res_class, 0, NULL, 0) == 0) {
        XFree(classhint.res_class);
        return True;
      }
      XFree(classhint.res_class);
    }
  }
  return False;
}

int _is_success(const char *funcname, int code) {
  if (code != 0)
    fprintf(stderr, "%s failed (code=%d)\n", funcname, code);
  return code;
}

int _xdo_is_window_visible(xdo_t *xdo, Window wid) {
  XWindowAttributes wattr;

  XGetWindowAttributes(xdo->xdpy, wid, &wattr);
  if (wattr.map_state != IsViewable)
    return False;

  return True;
}

/* Arbitrary window property retrieval
 * slightly modified version from xprop.c from Xorg */
unsigned char * _xdo_getwinprop(xdo_t *xdo, Window window, Atom atom,
                                long *nitems, Atom *type, int *size) {
  Atom actual_type;
  int actual_format;
  unsigned long _nitems;
  unsigned long nbytes;
  unsigned long bytes_after; /* unused */
  unsigned char *prop;
  int status;

  status = XGetWindowProperty(xdo->xdpy, window, atom, 0, (~0L),
                              False, AnyPropertyType, &actual_type,
                              &actual_format, &_nitems, &bytes_after,
                              &prop);
  if (status == BadWindow) {
    fprintf(stderr, "window id # 0x%lx does not exists!", window);
    return NULL;
  } if (status != Success) {
    fprintf(stderr, "XGetWindowProperty failed!");
    return NULL;
  }

  if (actual_format == 32)
    nbytes = sizeof(long);
  else if (actual_format == 16)
    nbytes = sizeof(short);
  else if (actual_format == 8)
    nbytes = 1;
  else if (actual_format == 0)
    nbytes = 0;

  *nitems = _nitems;
  *type = actual_type;
  *size = actual_format;
  return prop;
}

int _xdo_ewmh_is_supported(xdo_t *xdo, const char *feature) {
  Atom type = 0;
  long nitems = 0L;
  int size = 0;
  Atom *results = NULL;
  long i = 0;

  Window root;
  Atom request;
  Atom feature_atom;
  
  request = XInternAtom(xdo->xdpy, "_NET_SUPPORTED", False);
  feature_atom = XInternAtom(xdo->xdpy, feature, False);
  root = RootWindow(xdo->xdpy, 0);

  results = (Atom *) _xdo_getwinprop(xdo, root, request, &nitems, &type, &size);
  for (i = 0L; i < nitems; i++) {
    if (results[i] == feature_atom)
      return True;
  }

  return False;
}