[[PageOutline(1-3,"Table of Content")]]
This guide will tell you how-to put FreeBSD 9.x on an (ALIX) embedded device. For FreeBSD 8.x see the archived guide for hints [[wiki:Archive/FreeBSDOnEmbeddedDevice]]

TODO: This is NOT complete yet.

= Initial disk configuration =
Please do mind I create a 6G image to be used at a 8G CF disk as making it exactly fit, causes issues if sectors are wearing out. I create 2 x 2G partitions for the OS (and backup OS) and 1 x 1G partition for various configuration files and other shared stuff.

Hack to reload the usb card reader to reread partition tables:
build# usbconfig -d `usbconfig | awk -F : '/Mass/ {print $1}'` reset

build# truncate -s 6GB embedded.img
build# MD=`mdconfig embedded.img`

build# gpart create -s MBR md0
build# gpart add -t freebsd -s 2G
build# gpart add -t freebsd -s 2G
build# gpart add -t freebsd -s 1G
build# newfs md0s1 md0s2 md0s3
= Disk population =

build# setenv RELEASE 9.0-RELEASE
build# mkdir -p /usr/data/$RELEASE
build# cd /usr/data/$RELEASE

build# fetch ftp://ftp.nl.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/$RELEASE/base.txz
build# fetch ftp://ftp.nl.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/$RELEASE/kernel.txz
build# fetch ftp://ftp.nl.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/$RELEASE/docs.txz

More sophisticated approach (rsync not in base):
build# rsync -vaz ftp.nl.freebsd.org::FreeBSD/releases/i386/$RELEASE/ .

build# setenv DESTDIR /mnt

build# xzcat base.txz | tar --unlink -xpzf - -C $DESTDIR
build# xzcat kernel.txz | tar --unlink -xpzf - -C $DESTDIR
build# xzcat docs.txz | tar --unlink -xpzf - -C $DESTDIR

Tip: Soekris 2521 requires CPU_ELAN which is not included into the kernel by default. For optimal performance compile the kernel yourself 
= Disk configuration =

Need resolving power at later stage inside chroot:
build# cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/
build# chroot /mnt

Important: if you FAIL to chroot and continue you will now start destroying your build system

Need rw on first boot for ssh keys and such:
chroot# echo "/dev/ada0s1 / ufs rw,noatime 0 1" > /etc/fstab

Make sure to continue to check the disks on reboot, instead of waiting for user input:
chroot# echo "fsck_y_enable=YES" >> /etc/rc.conf

{{{
#!sh
chroot# cat <<EOF > /boot/loader.conf
console=comconsole
autoboot_delay=3

hw.ata.ata_dma=0   # Soekris boot failure
EOF
}}}

Serial console boot only:
chroot# echo "-h" > /boot.config

Enable serial console:
chroot# sed -I '' '/ttyu0/ s/off/on /' /etc/ttys

Cosmetic: disable all vidconsoles as a soekris embedded device does not have any:
chroot# sed -I '' '/ttyv[0-7]/ s/on /off/g' /etc/ttys

== Accounting & access control ==
chroot# echo "sshd_enable=YES" >> /etc/rc.conf
chroot# pw usermod root -w random

Administive user (admin for example):
chroot# pkg_add -r sudo
chroot# pw useradd admin -G wheel -c 'Admin User' -s /bin/csh -m -w random
chroot# echo '%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL' >> /usr/local/etc/sudoers

== Networking ==
chroot# echo "hostname=riff.vanderzwet.net" >> /etc/rc.conf

Make any other optional changes before first boot inside chroot(8):
chroot# vi /etc/rc.conf


chroot# exit
build# umount /mnt

= Initial boot =
Note: NOT READY YET: Insert card into your embedded device and get yourself a prompt, using serial of ssh login. 
== Package install ==

=== Package Install Pre-Req ===
chroot# setenv FTP_PASSIVE_MODE yes
chroot# PACKAGEROOT=ftp://ftp.nl.FreeBSD.org

=== dnsmasq ===

dnsmasq used for local network dns and dhcp:

chroot# pkg_add -r dnsmasq
chroot# echo "dnsmasq_enable=YES" >> /etc/rc.conf

{{{
#!sh
node# cat <<EOF > /usr/local/etc/dnsmasq.conf
interface=vr0

dhcp-range=192.168.42.100,192.168.42.200

domain=vanderzwet.net
EOF
}}}

=== ntp ===
node# echo "ntpd_enable=YES" >> /etc/rc.conf
{{{
node# cat <<EOF > /etc/ntp.conf
server 0.nl.pool.ntp.org
server 1.nl.pool.ntp.org
server 2.nl.pool.ntp.org

driftfile /var/db/ntp.drift
EOF
}}}

=== motd ===

node# (sed '3,$ d' /etc/motd; echo "WWW: http://rickvanderzwet.nl" ) > /etc/motd.new; mv /etc/motd.new /etc/motd 

=== Flash disk protection ===
chroot# echo "update_motd=NO" >> /etc/rc.conf
chroot# echo "tmpmfs=YES" >> /etc/rc.conf
Tip: You could make /var completely read-only, but I hate the details like package management getting lost. Flash cards these days are cheap anyways, mine lived for 1 year after extensive use. Of course with read-only this will be _much_ longer.
chroot# echo "varmfs=YES" >> /etc/rc.conf
Tip: Having your flash living in read-only gives you added security and increases the live-time of your (older) Flash cards
chroot# sed '/1a/ s/rw/ro/' /etc/fstab > /etc/fstab.new; mv /etc/fstab.new /etc/fstab

=== various ===
node# pkg_add -r tinyproxy sudo vim-lite

= Put into production =
node# reboot

= Adding packages =
Tip: As space is limited unpacking packages can result in I/O errors due to (memory) disks which run out of space. Installing for example the package apache22 goes as follows:
node# mkdir /usr/local/tmp
node# setenv PKG_TMPDIR /usr/local/tmp
node# pkg_add -r -t /usr/local/tmp/instmp.XXXXXX apache22